Can we know what physically happens in the modern-day Pentecostal experience of talking in a tongue? There is evidence, which we will come to later, that there is often some degree of faking. But it cannot be all a hoax — they cannot be all faking? With the great majority, as in the case of Pat Boone, something really happens. A good illustration to begin with, is the testimony, back in the 1960s, of a Christadelphian who was brought up in a Pentecostal atmosphere before he found the Truth. He wrote:

“When I was 16 I was encouraged to try and get this experience. One evening a special prayer meeting was held for this purpose, and for about two hours prayers were said, hands were laid on me continuously; there was much singing and chanting. I concentrated my mind to the one single purpose and knelt with hands tightly clenched, so very, very tightly, in an all-out endeavour to receive this ‘gift’. You see, I felt I had to get this gift; if not, I would have felt I’d been rejected by God! A strange atmosphere seemed to build up. It was a tension you could almost touch. And then, as far as I was concerned, I blacked out. The only impression on my mind was a vision of two tightly clasped hands. My next really conscious moment, it only seemed like seconds, was of still kneeling with clenched hands and realising it was 10:30 pm, and being told I had spoken continuously in ‘tongues’ for 2 hours! — a “mighty blessing” I was told! My sister, who heard me, said she thought I had ‘gone bonkers’.

“It might be asked of what value was this ‘gift’ to me? Well, they told us to use tongues in prayer and thus praise God in His language. I did this sometimes, I never again spoke in tongues at church: only at home, by myself. I did not go unconscious on these occasions. It is hard to explain what happens; it is as though you throw a switch in your mind — utterances come from your tongue without making any effort to mentally control or direct what you are ‘saying’. It is all unintelligible of course, but there is no mental effort involved to deliberately speak ‘mumbo jumbo’. I suppose one is in a kind of light trance. Since coming to a full knowledge of the Truth I have tried to do this sort of thing on a couple of occasions without success. It appears God has cured me from His ‘Gift’!” (Shield: 1971: 273,274).

Another example of a description of what actually happens is contained in the testimony of a Christadelphian who became involved with Pentecostals and who “received the Gift” at one of their prayer meetings with the laying on of hands. Sadly he was convinced this was from God. He wrote out and gave me an account of what happened as far as he was concerned.

“After sitting down for quite some time, praying, praising God, and asking for the Holy Spirit (incidentally, which I had done in my own personal prayer of a night for up to six months anyway), I determined that I was not going to speak of myself or even try — no jumping up in the air, no getting emotional and ‘het up’… I felt and knew it was there, a hot sensation, not unbearable (very warm), a feeling throughout my stomach area. Then I realised what it was, opening my mouth and then just speaking, not quietly, but loudly, and quite clearly, conscious all the time of what was happening around me. No mesmerism as I had my eyes closed, and certainly no excitation of the mind as some anti-Holy Spirit expositors try to make out, but power from on high.’

This brother was convinced by this experience, no argument could penetrate his thinking and in those early days (this happened in 1966), we were beginners at coming to grips with this issue. There was no doubt as to his sincerity. The fact that he had prayed nightly for this power for something like 180 days showed he was convinced this power was available, and that it was a matter of having enough faith, as far as he was concerned. This conviction appeared to spring from his personal situation of being in a business partnership as a builder who was a fervent Pentecostal. A graphic example of the dangers of being “unequally yoked” (2Co 6:14). Two cannot “walk together except they be agreed” (Amos 3:3).

Of those who claim this experience, nearly all speak of the release of tensions which accompany their speaking in tongues. A popular book of that period has many parallels with this brothers’ testimony. . John Sherrill, a reporter who investigated Pentecostalism and became convinced of the reality and genuineness of it all, interviewed many people who had had this experience. Here are some of the comments he puts on record (“They Speak with Other Tongues”, p 113).

“It was like being flooded with joy.””I started to praise God in the new language I had been given. There was at the same time a feeling that my spirit had taken wing; I was soaring heavenward on a poem.”

“I started laughing. It was a strange thing to do, but I just wanted to laugh and laugh the way you do when you feel so good you just can’t talk about it. I held my sides and laughed until I doubled over. Then I’d stop for a while and start again. Laughing. Laughing.”

“For the first time I discovered for myself why the disciples were accused of being drunk at Pentecost. That’s the way I felt at my own Pentecost: in the highest spirits. Just drunk with joy.”

“With me there was peace. Just a wonderful, quiet, steady, deep peace.”

Now let us try to analyse what all these reports mean. In every case I am intimately acquainted with, or have read about, the person seeking “tongues” has prayed, seen others do this and desired, sometimes with great mental effort, to emulate what he or she has seen in others.

How very different at the first Pentecost! There is no indication that the disciples anticipated at all what was about to happen. That some thought them drunk (Acts 2:13) is true. But this was just the “mockers” — the fact that visitors from many parts heard them speaking of “the mighty works of God” in their “own native language” (vv 8, 11) is no evidence that they were splitting their sides laughing! The claims to feel “peace” and “joy” have, of course, much more appeal. But is this the effect that the “gift” had in the first Century? Only by giving a slant to one or two isolated texts can this inference be drawn.

What is the explanation? Pentecostalists are very anxious to refute any suggestion that their experience is a kind of self-hypnotism. I suggested this to the brother who became involved with them. He earnestly rebuked me. I can quote his letter, “Hypnotism is a form of witchcraft,” he said. This way of seeing things led to the point in his written testimony that it was “no mesmerism, as I had my eyes closed.”

A leading international hypnotherapist has written:

“…the hypnotist started with the subject’s eyes closed. To some people this may be surprising, for it is popularly assumed that causing the subject to close his eyes as a result of suggestion is an essential first step in the inducing of hypnosis. Nowadays hypnotic induction relies mainly upon verbal suggestion” (“Hypnosis: Fact or Fiction”, FL Marcuse, 51,54).

Another interesting comment: “…the hypnotic subject may say that during hypnotic induction he ‘experienced being warm all over’, or that ‘I seemed to be looking at a rapidly receding square of white light’ ” (Ibid, 56).

Now this is an interesting parallel with the testimony quoted previously — “a hot sensation, not unbearable (very warm)”, while the reference to a white light is interesting in the light of Sherrill’s description of his “baptism” being preceded by a “light blazing through my closed lids” (Ibid, 122).

We can perceive a definite parallel, after allowing for some imagination generated by the enthusiasm of the memory of the event!

It is of added interest that Kurt Koch in his researches into this subject cites examples of descriptions of “Spirit Baptism” made to him. Three of the examples spoke of feelings of warmth (“The Strife of Tongues”, 17,28,29):

1. “He experienced a warm sensation going through him, and he began to speak in tongues.”
2. Two friends prayed for the “Spirit” — “After intensive prayer it was as if something hot came over them. They felt very excited inside.”
3. “She then experienced a warm feeling that she regarded as the second blessing.”

According to Koch, not one of the above examples remained in Pentecostal circles. Two later renounced the experience as not of God; the other two eventually lost all “assurance of faith” and had given away religion.

It is to be remembered that it was not claimed that all hypnotic induction produced a warm feeling (Ibid, 81). Indeed, there is one testimony to the opposite: “I felt cold and my limbs felt numb.” Then again, not all descriptions of the Pentecostal experience testify to warmth; the brother who was brought up in their circles did not experience any warm feeling; but the third description above much more nearly fits his situation.

One interesting feature of our brother’s case was the fact that, as he testified, he went completely unconscious while speaking in tongues. The relationship of this with hypnotism is clearly suggestive while not being conclusive. The hypnotherapist Marcuse states, “Roughly, however, it may be said, considering limitations, and evaluating results of thousands of reported cases, that about five to 20 per cent of hypnotic subjects reach the deepest depth (somnambulism), and that another five to 20 per cent are not at all susceptible to hypnosis. The remaining 60 to 90 per cent are said to be capable of entering light or medium hypnosis” (Ibid, 78).

There are areas of disagreement between hypnotists of the definition of “light hypnosis” — mostly such people are not good subjects. “Light hypnosis has been said to be present even though the hypnotized subject is unaware of being hypnotised” (Ibid, 67), but this is a theory not all accept. I formed the tentative conclusion that the case of the one who went completely unconscious while speaking in tongues was a deep “somnambulist” trance in which his subconscious mind copied what he had witnessed in others. One could further conclude that the other experiences are a form of light self-hypnosis, such as that indicated by the testimony that he was “conscious all the time of what was happening around me.” I have discussed this with practitioners a few times over the last 30 years and all have indicated that these are reasonable conclusions.

We can tie up this parallel a little further. The outstanding claim of modern Pentecostalists is the wonderful “peace” their “experience” brings. Dr. Ainslie Meares, who was a universally acclaimed Melbourne psychiatrist, has researched in many countries on the subject of hypnosis. He has written,¹¹

“There have been many theories as to the nature of hypnosis. All of these past theories have explained some particular aspects of hypnosis, but none of them have explained all the phenomena of the hypnotic state. In 1957 I published a paper outlining a new theory… it has gained considerable acceptance among many workers in this field. This theory offers a satisfactory explanation of the state of mind in both yoga meditation and auto-hypnosis… In hypnosis it (the mind) slips back, as it were, and works at a more primitive level. Our logical or critical abilities are lost or work in less degree; and we become very suggestible because suggestion itself is a primitive mechanism of the mind. When the mind has regressed a little in this way, it tends to lose its integration so that different elements of the mind come to function independently in what we know as disassociation. It is this process which produces many of the obvious phenomena of hypnosis. In auto-hypnosis the individual learns to let his mind regress and it comes to function in this more primitive way. This accounts for the absence of anxiety and the feeling of calm and ease which we experience in auto-hypnosis” (“Strange Places and Simple Truths”, p 37).

These facts are very interesting. Perhaps we should not call them facts in the normal sense of the term, but as a widely accepted hypothesis. However, we can take them one step further. Auto-hypnosis when coupled with “auto-suggestion” can, we suggest, produce the modern-day phenomena we are witnessing. D. Robert Lindberg, an American Presbyterian pastor, has recorded his experiences when he sought and received the “gift”. At the time he felt something of the joy and thrill which others claimed; he was later caused to re-evaluate what it all really amounted to. He affirms that he does not wish to deny that some have had a transforming experience as a result of the “gift”. But he is now convinced that it is not of God, but rather “has at its heart a false mysticism which is contrary to the word of God” and that what we see today is the result of “auto-suggestion, self-induced — piously, yes, but wrongly and unscripturally” (Presbyterian Guardian, Feb 1965, p 19, as quoted by AA Hoekema in “What about tongue speaking?”).

This view is remarkably parallel with the testimonies of the Christadelphians quoted previously — as to their feelings associated with their tongue-speaking experience. This is the result of possessing a dedicated desire to emulate what is believed to be a Biblical experience under the absolute conviction that it is available today. This leads to a state of mind in which auto-suggestion, coupled with self-hypnosis, (usually, but not necessarily) under emotional conditions, produces the Pentecostal “experience”. It is also worth noting that hypnotism in its early forms often relied on “passes” (ie, bodily stroking with the hands) as part of the means of achieving hypnotic induction. This is so similar to the “laying-on of hands” as practiced today. This sounds Scriptural, but one cannot imagine it being necessary for the apostles, for example, to have laid hands on the converts in Samaria for some two hours before they received the Holy Spirit.

But is it possible that there are some genuine gifts today? Is there a danger of going too far in denying that no gifts whatsoever operate today? We have to keep our own prejudices in check if we are to convincingly search out all truth. To answer as fairly as possible, we need to explore the matter of experiences further and then make a careful analysis of Scripture, which so far we have not attempted. There is much scope for comment also on other practices of modern Pentecostalism, or charismatics as most prefer to call themselves, in particular practices relating to the acts of “healing” which would appear to be the next most desirable “gift” that is sought today.

(David Caudery)

“For there is ONE GOD and one mediator between God and men, the MAN Christ Jesus” (1Ti 2:5).

The history of religion has always been one of degeneration from the originally revealed pure monotheism to various forms of polytheism. “Christianity,” as popularly known, has been no exception.

The Bible, in both Old and New Testaments, is very emphatic about the absolute oneness of God. When asked which is the first commandment of all?” Jesus answered (Mar 12:29): “The first of all the commandments is; Hear, O Israel, THE LORD OUR GOD IS ONE LORD.” He was quoting from the words of Moses in Deu 6:4. This is the consistent story of the Bible. There is not a word about three gods in it from beginning to end.

“Christendom” today has degenerated to a belief in four gods, three good ones and one evil one. Some parts of Christendom have five gods, as the Roman Catholic Church, which has added a “Mother of God” who is in their system of belief the supreme deity beside a host of demi-gods, one for every day of the year (and more), all of which mythical and man-invented deities are worshipped and prayed to.

The doctrine of the Trinity is stated in the Athanasian Creed (see Lesson, Athanasian Creed) — which concludes that section of the creed with these words:

“HE THEREFORE THAT WILL BE SAVED MUST THUS THINK OF THE TRINITY.”

This is the prize and tragic example of the natural mind of man speculating upon divine things rather than being content to humbly accept the simple testimony of Scripture.

In all Scripture, there is nothing to justify this absurd and self-contradictory mishmash. While truly we can never hope with mortal minds to comprehend God, still the revelations He gives of Himself, and of His Son, and of His Holy Spirit — His power and presence which fills all immensity and works His will — is clear and simple and reasonable and a tremendously satisfying relief from the befuddled speculations of the Creeds.

The doctrine of the “Trinity” is nowhere found in the Bible. The following quotations from recognized historians will give the background of the period in which this doctrine was developed, showing the general conditions of Christendom of the time, the philosophical influences at work, the methods of reasoning and argument used and the political forces that finally established the doctrine and enforced it by confiscation, prohibition, punishment and murder.

This will clearly show the frail, human foundation the doctrine of the Trinity rests on, and dissipate the weight it appears to have from centuries of “orthodox” acceptance.

COUNCIL OF NICE

Of the Council of Nice, 352 AD, where the doctrine of the Trinity was first officially formulated, the well-known trinitarian historian Mosheim, a Lutheran, admits (Century 4, Part 2, Chapter 3, Section 1):

“….the discussions concerning the three persons in the Godhead, among those who approved the decisions of the council of Nice. There is so little clearness and discrimination in these discussions, that they seem to rend the one God into three Gods. Moreover, those idle fictions, which a regard for the prevailing opinions of the day had induced most theologians to embrace, even before the time of Constantine, were now in various ways confirmed, extended and embellished. Hence it is that we see on every side evident traces of excessive veneration for saints in heaven, of belief in a fire to purify souls on leaving the body, of partiality for priestly celibacy, the worship of images and relics, and for many other opinions which, in process of time, almost banished the true religion, or at least very much obscured and corrupted it.

“Genuine piety was gradually supplanted by a long train of superstitious observances, which were derived partly from a preposterous disposition to adopt profane rites. To the temples, to water consecrated with certain forms, and to likenesses of holy men, the same efficacy was ascribed and the same privileges assigned, as had been attributed to the pagan temples, statues and lustrations before the advent of Christ.”

This is a trinitarian’s description of conditions in the Catholic Church during the time the doctrine of the Trinity was being formulated and imposed.

In the same chapter, Mosheim says: “The doctors who were distinguished for their learning explained the sacred doctrines after the manner of Origen (see notes below on Origen) on whom they fixed their eye — in accordance with the principles of that philosophy which they learned in their youth at school, namely, the Platonic philosophy as corrected by Origen. Those who wish to get a full insight into this subject may examine Gregory Nazianzen among the Greeks and Augustine among the Latins who were regarded in the subsequent ages as the only patterns worthy of imitation, and may be fitly styled, next to Origen, the parents and supporters of philosophic or scholastic theology. They were both admirers of Plato.”

PLATONIC INFLUENCE

Plato was the heathen Greek philosopher (around 400 BC) who popularized the Egyptian doctrine of the immortality of the soul. He was the brightest star and greatest influence in the pagan system of philosophy that Christianity in its original purity set out to combat (1Co 1;2). But Platonic philosophers became dominant in the Catholic Church, and Platonic philosophy has dominated the beliefs of “orthodox” Christendom from the 3rd century AD to the present. The earliest Christians bitterly fought heathen philosophy; the later “Christians” adopted it.

Origen, mentioned by Mosheim as influential in this Platonizing movement (around 200-250 AD), was one of the greatest (and perhaps the greatest) influences in establishing this trend in the Church. Of him, Mosheim says (Cent. 2, Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 5): “A new class of philosophers had grown up in Egypt… they much preferred Plato, and embraced most of his dogmas concerning God, the human soul, and the universe. This philosophy was adopted by such of the learned at Alexandria as wished to be accounted Christians, and yet to retain the rank of philosophers. All those who in this century presided in the schools of the Christians at Alexandria are said to have approved it.”

Translator’s footnote at this place in Mosheim: “This cultivation of philosophy by Christian teachers greatly displeased those who were attached to the ancient simple faith, as taught by Christ and his apostles; for they feared, what afterwards actually happened, that the purity and excellence of divine truth would suffer by it. The issue of the long contest between them was that the advocates of philosophy prevailed.”

Continuing Mosheim: “This mode of philosophizing received some modification when Ammonius Saccas laid the foundation of that sect which is called the New Platonic… The grand objects of Ammonius, to bring all sects and religions into harmony, required him to do much violence to the sentiments and opinions of all parties, philosophers, priests and Christians — and particularly by allegorical interpretations. He assumed… that the public religions of all nations should be corrected by this ancient (Platonic) philosophy… With these Egyptian notions, he united the philosophy of Plato… Finally, the dogmas of other sects he construed, as far as was possible, by means of art, ingenuity and the aid of allegories into apparent coincidence with Egyptian and Platonic principles… This new species of philosophy, imprudently adopted by Origen and other Christians, did immense harm to Christianity. For it led the teachers of it to involve in philosophical obscurity many parts of our religion which were in themselves plain and easy to be understood; and to add to the precepts of the Savior no few things of which not a word can be found in the holy Scriptures… And finally it alienated the minds of many, in the following centuries, from Christianity itself, and produced a heterogeneous species of religion, consisting of Christian and Platonic principles combined. And who is able to enumerate all the evils and injurious changes which arose from this new philosophy — from this attempt to reconcile true and false religions with each other?”

Editor’s footnote at this place in Mosheim: “That philosophy has injured enormously genuine Christianity will be readily conceded by all who rest faith solely upon the rock of Scripture… When such persons are asked to account for the existence of religious principles and usages which are incapable of proof from the sacred volume, and even seem at variance with it, they have only to cite the semi-Christian school of philosophy which arose at Alexandria before the second century closed.”

(It will be noted from an earlier quotation that the most distinguished “Christian” teachers of the 4th century looked to Origen and the Platonic philosophy as their model. Any doctrines therefore — such as the Trinity — formulated at this time are bound to be more pagan than Christian.)

Returning to Mosheim’s history of the 4th century, he records concerning the conduct and character of the church leaders (Cent. 4, Part 2, Chap. 2, Sec. 5): “The bishop of Rome took precedence over all others of the episcopal order. He exceeded all other bishops in the splendor of the church over which he presided, in the magnitude of his revenues and possessions, and in the sumptuousness and magnificence of his style of living. These marks of power and worldly greatness were so fascinating to the minds of Christians even in this age that often the most obstinate and bloody contests took place at Rome when a new pontiff was to be created. A shocking example of this is afforded by the disturbance at Rome in the year 366. The contention caused a cruel war, great loss of life, conflagrations and battles… The vices of the clergy, especially of those who officiated in large and opulent cities, were augmented in proportion to the increase of their wealth, honors and advantages. The bishops had shameful quarrels among themselves respecting the extent of their jurisdiction and boundaries; and while they trampled on the rights of the people and of the inferior clergy, they vied with the civil governors of provinces in luxury, arrogance and voluptuousness.”

“When there was nothing any longer to be feared from enemies without; when the character of most bishops was tarnished with arrogance, luxury, effeminacy, animosity, resentments, and other defects; when the lower clergy neglected their proper duties and were more attentive to idle controversies than to the promotion of piety and the instruction of the people; when vast numbers were induced, not by a rational conviction but by the fear of punishment and the hope of worldly advantage to enrol themselves as Christians — how can it surprise us that on all sides the vicious appeared a host, and the pious a little band almost overpowered by them?… The more honorable and powerful could sin with impunity, and only the poor and the unfortunate felt the severity of the laws.”

Such is a trinitarian historian’s testimony concerning the times in which the doctrine of the Trinity was developed on the admitted basis of human speculation and Platonic philosophy. Of the methods of argument and persuasion used by the church leaders of this period, Mosheim says: “From the disputes with those who were regarded as opposed to divine truth, the ancient simplicity had nearly taken its flight; and in place of it, dialectical subtleties and quibbles, invectives and other disingenuous artifices had succeeded.”

“With the ancient form of discussion, new sources of argument were in this age combined. For the truth of doctrines was proved by the number of martyrs who had believed so, by prodigies and by the confessions of devils, that is, of persons in whose bodies some demon was supposed to reside. The discerning cannot but see that all proofs drawn from such sources are very fallacious, and very convenient for dishonest men who would practice imposition. And I greatly fear that most of those who at this time resorted to such proofs, though they might be grave and eminent men, may be justly charged with a dangerous propensity to use deception. Ambrose, in controversy with the Arians, brings forward persons possessed with devils, who are constrained, when the relics of Gervasius and Protasius are produced, to cry out that the doctrine of the Nicene council concerning three persons in the Godhead is true and divine, and the doctrine of the Arians false and pernicious…. This testimony of the prince of darkness Ambrose regards as proof altogether unexceptionable.”

“To these defects in the moral system of the age must be added two principal errors now almost publicly adopted, and from which afterwards immense evils resulted. The first was that to deceive and lie is a virtue, when religion can be promoted by it. This principle had been embraced in the preceding centuries, and it is almost incredible what a mass of the most insipid fables and what a host of pious falsehoods have through all the centuries grown out of it, to the great detriment of true religion. If some inquisitive person were to examine the conduct and the writings of the greatest and most pious teachers of this century, I fear that he would find about all of them infected with this leprosy. I cannot except Ambrose, nor Hilary, nor Augustine, nor Gregory Nazianzen, nor Jerome.”

Such were the principles of the men who formulated the doctrine of the Trinity, and with the aid of the civil power imposed it upon the whole body of believers on pain of severe punishment, as we shall see in later quotations.

Of the general conditions of worship in this century, Mosheim says (Cent. 4, Part 2, Chap. 4, Sec. 1):

“The Christian bishops introduced, with but slight alterations, into the Christian worship, those rites and institutions by which formerly the Greeks and Romans and others had manifested their piety and reverence toward their imaginary deities; supposing that the people would more readily embrace Christianity if they perceived the rites handed down to them from their fathers still existing unchanged among the Christians, and saw that Christ and the martyrs were worshipped in the same manner as formerly their gods were. There was, accordingly, little difference in these times between the public worship of the Christians and that of the Greeks and Romans. In both there were splendid robes, mitres, tiaras, wax-tapers, crosiers, processions, lustrations, images, golden and silver vases, and innumerable other things. No sooner had Constantine renounced the religion of his ancestors than magnificent temples were everywhere erected, adorned with pictures and images, and both in external and internal form very similar to the temples of the gods. True religion copied after superstition.”

“The prayers fell off greatly from the ancient simplicity and majesty, a considerable degree of vain inflation being admitted into them. The public discourses, among the Greeks especially, were formed according to the rules for civil eloquence, and were better adapted to call forth the admiration of the rude multitude who love display, than to amend the heart. And that no folly or senseless custom might be omitted in their public assemblies, the people were allowed to applaud their orators, as had been practiced in forums and theatres; nay, were bidden to clap besides. Who would suppose that men who were appointed to show to others the emptiness of all human things would become so senseless?”

Is it reasonable to expect any sound fruit from such a rotten tree?

The Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th edition, vol. 16, page 774, article “Montanism,” says:

“From the middle of the second century a change began to take place in the outward circumstances of Christianity. Should the church take the decisive step into the world? Or ought she, on the other hand to remain as she had been at first, a society of religious devotees, separated and shut out from the world by a rigorous discipline? It was natural that warning voices should then be raised in the church against secular tendencies, that the well-known counsels about the imitations of Christ should be held up in their literal strictness before worldly Christians, that demands should be made for a restoration of the old discipline and severity, and for a return to apostolic simplicity and purity. The church as a whole, however, decided otherwise. She marched through the open door into the Roman state. With the aid of its philosophy she created her new Christian theology.”

The cornerstone of this “new Christian theology”, based on pagan philosophy, is the doctrine of three Gods, three Persons in the “Godhead.” How this doctrine of the Trinity was developed during this period is frankly explained by a trinitarian writer in the Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th edition, Volume 23, page 240, article “Theism”:

“The propositions constitutive of the dogma of the Trinity — the propositions in the symbols of Nice, Constantinople and Toledo relative to the immanent distinctions and relations in the Godhead — were not drawn directly from the New Testament, and could not be expressed in New Testament terms. They were the products of reason speculating on a revelation to faith. They were only formed through centuries of effort, only elaborated by the aid of the conceptions and formulated in the terms of Greek and Roman metaphysics. The evolution of the doctrine of the Trinity was far the most important fact in the doctrinal history of the church during the first five centuries of its post-apostolic existence.”

Surely the ignorance and audacity of this, from a scriptural point of view, takes our breath away! How terribly true and fitting are the words of Jude: “It was needful for me to write unto you, and exhort you that ye should earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints.” And Paul said: “I have not shunned to declare unto you the whole counsel of God” (Act 20:27). And “Hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world, for after that, in the wisdom of God, the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe” (1Co 1:20,21).

Poor Jude! Poor Paul! What back numbers they were! Of course they could not understand that there were three Gods. They only had the inspiration of God — they completely lacked that essential aid — Greek and Roman metaphysics, without which the doctrine of three Gods could not be formulated.

The “Greek and Roman metaphysics” from which the doctrine of the Trinity was adopted, are referred to by Gibbon in his “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (21:6): “The genius of Plato, informed by his own meditation or by the traditional knowledge of the priests of Egypt, had ventured to explore the mysterious nature of the Deity. When he had elevated his mind to the sublime contemplation of the first self-existent, necessary cause of the universe, the Athenian sage was incapable of conceiving how the simple unity of his essence could admit the infinite variety of distinct and successive ideas which compose the model of the intellectual world; how a Being purely incorporeal could execute that perfect model, and mold with a plastic hand the rude and independent chaos. The vain hope of extricating himself from these difficulties, which must ever oppress the feeble powers of the human mind, might induce Plato to consider the divine nature under the threefold modification — of the first cause, the reason or Logos, and the soul or spirit of the universe. His poetic imagination sometimes fixed and animated these metaphysical abstractions; the three original principles were represented in the Platonic system as three Gods, united with each other by a mysterious and ineffable generation.”

It is clear from this, as the trinitarian writer said in the Encyclopedia Britannica, that Christianity had to go to Greek metaphysics (and this term always means Plato, the center of the system) to formulate its doctrine of the Trinity. Surely we are compelled to wonder what Christianity could possibly have done without the help of the indispensable heathen philosopher Plato!

Mosheim (an esteemed, orthodox Lutheran trinitarian) describes the long civil war that attended the development of the doctrine, and its enforcement by civil power, finally ending in trinitarian triumph through the stern and energetic measures of the Emperor Theodosius (Cent. 4, Chap. 5, sec. 14):

“After the death of Constantine the Great (337 AD) one of his sons, Constantius, the emperor of the East was very partial to the Arian cause, but Constantine and Constans (two other sons) supported, in the western parts where they governed, the decisions of the Nicene council. Constantius, being devoted to the Arians, involved the friends of the Nicene council in numerous evils and calamities. The Nicene (trinitarian) party made no hesitation to return the same treatment. Julian (the next emperor) had no partialities for either. Jovian espoused the orthodox sentiments. Valentinian adhered to the decisions at Nice, and therefore in the West the Arian sect — a few churches excepted — was wholly extirpated.

“Valens, on the contrary, took sides with the Arians, and hence in the East many calamities befell the orthodox. Gratian restored peace to the orthodox. After him, Theodosius the Great, by depriving the Arians of all their churches, caused the decisions of the Nicene council to triumph everywhere, and none could any longer publicly profess Arian doctrines.”

This finally settled the question, for all time, as to whether there are three Gods, or one God. The Encyclopedia Britannica’ 9th ed, vol 23, page 259, article “Theodosius,” records: “It was not, however, till his illness at Thessalonica that the emperor received baptism at the hands of Bishop Ascholius, whereupon, says the historian Sozomen, he issued a decree (February, 380) in favor of the faith of St. Peter and Pope Damasus of Rome. This was to be the true catholic faith; the adherents of other creeds were to be reckoned as heretics and punished. Other edicts forbade the unorthodox to hold assemblies in the towns and enjoined the surrender of all churches to the catholic bishops.”

Gibbon records (ch 27): “Theodosius was the first of the emperors baptized into the true faith of the Trinity. As the emperor ascended from the holy font, he dictated a solemn edict: ‘Let us believe the sole deity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost, under an equal majesty and a pious Trinity. We authorize the followers of this doctrine to assume the title of Catholic Christians; and as we judge that all others are extravagant madmen, we brand them with the infamous name of Heretics, and declare that their conventicles shall no longer usurp the respectable appellation of churches. Besides the condemnation of Divine Justice, they must expect to suffer the severe penalties, which our authority, guided by heavenly wisdom, shall think proper to inflict upon them!’ “

“The emperor convened a synod of 150 bishops who proceeded to complete the theological system which had been established in the council of Nice.

“A final and unanimous sentence was pronounced to ratify the equal Deity of the Holy Ghost. Their knowledge of religious truth may have been preserved by tradition, or it may have been communicated by inspiration, but the sober evidence of history will not allow much weight to the personal authority of the Fathers of Constantinople (this synod).

“Many of the same prelates who now applauded the orthodox piety of Theodosius had repeatedly changed, with prudent flexibility, their creeds and opinions, and in the various revolutions of the church and state, the religion of their sovereign was the rule of their obsequious faith. In the space of 15 years Theodosius promulgated at least 15 severe edicts against the heretics, more especially against those who rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. The rigorous prohibition of conventicles was carefully extended to every possible circumstances in which the heretics could assemble with the intention of worshipping God and Christ according to the dictates of their conscience. The sectaries were gradually disqualified for the possession of honorable or lucrative employments…” (GVG).

It has pleased God to save men by the belief and obedience of a system of truth briefly described as “the gospel of our salvation,” and also spoken of by Jesus and John and Paul as “the truth.” “Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.”– Jesus. For this reason, it is necessary for believers to be particular in requiring the full recognition of this truth at the hands of one another as the basis of their mutual association, and generally, to “contend for the faith once delivered to the saints,” as enjoined by Jude. Those men are to be commended who faithfully exact this recognition both at the hands of applicants for baptism and claimants for fellowship.

But there is a danger of going too far. We live in a world of extremes of all kinds. It is difficult for any length of time to maintain an equilibrium in the application of any principle on account of the disbalances of mind so prevalent in the population, and the tendency of men to drive each other into extravagant positions through the sheer friction of personal antagonisms.

This is probably more manifest in the Truth than in anything else, because of the obligation to make a firm stand which arises out of the Truth, as it arises out of nothing else. When men differ about the Truth, their differences are more unappeasable than in any other subject because of the greatness of the interests involved and an earnestness of purpose and a depth of affection created by the Truth, as by nothing else. It was not without a reason that Jesus foretold division as the result of his appearance — division so keen that “a man’s foes should be they of his own house.”

So much of division is inevitable, and while lamenting it, men of God can but submit, with as little asperity towards those who cause it as possible. But there are divisions that are uncalled for, and therefore sinful. Paul refers to such when he says: “Mark them that cause divisions among you contrary to the doctrine (the teaching on unity) that ye have learnt” (Rom 16:17). He was referring, no doubt, to the factions arising out of personal preferences, but the warning applies to all divisions that ought not to be made.

There is division enough, in all conscience division that is inevitable — division that must be, unless we are to ignore divine obligations altogether; but there are divisions that ought not to be. It is possible to go too far in our demands on fellow believers. How far we ought to go and where to stop, is at one time or other a perplexing problem to most earnest minds. They are afraid on the one hand of compromising the Truth in fellowship, and on the other, of sinning against the weaker members of the body of Christ. The only end there can be to this embarrassment is found in the discrimination between true principles and uncertain details that do not overthrow them.

There are general principles as to which there can be no compromise: but there are also unrevealed applications of these principles in detail which cannot be determined with certainty, and which every man must he allowed to judge for himself without any challenge of his right to fellowship. To insist on uniformity of opinion on those uncertain details is an excess of zeal which may he forgiven, but which meanwhile inflicts harm and distress without just cause.

An exception would, of course, be naturally made in the case of the construction of a detail that would destroy the general principle involved, such as where a man professing to believe in Christ might also believe in Mahomet or Confucius — of which there are examples. This supplementary belief destroys the first belief, for a true belief in Christ is a belief in his exclusive claims

It may help discernment if we consider some examples unaffected by uncertain details,

God

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.– “He that cometh to God must believe that HE IS and that He is the rewarder of them that diligently seek Him.” There can be no question as to our duty where men become unbelieving or doubtful of Cod’s existence, or of His favourable disposition towards and purpose to openly reward the men who are diligent in their quest of Him and ready in their obedience.

Uncertain Detail.– But as to how or where He exists, and in what form or aspect His person is shown and how surrounded — whether He inhabits a world of His own or be the radiant centre of a cluster of celestial worlds; and whether His name means I SHALL BE or I AM, or both, and I HAVE BEEN as well (as in the Apocalyptic formula, “which art and wast and art to come”), there is truth concerning all these points — truth that we shall know and revel in when we are spirit, but it is not possible in our present circumstances to be certain as to any of them, and we should do wrong to insist on any particular opinion as to them. The admission of the true principle that God exists and that He will reward His lovers and friends is all we can claim in fellowship at the hands of fellow-believers.

Man

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– That God made man of the dust of the ground.

Uncertain Detail. — But as to whether it was a direct action of the Father’s formative energy, after the manner in which sound creates geometric figures in sand scattered loosely upon a tightly extended vibrating surface, or by the expert manipulation of angelic hands, we cannot be sure. There are grounds for a strong opinion in favour of the latter, but it would be unwarrantable to insist on the reception of that opinion as a condition of fellowship. It is sufficient if the brother or sister believe that “God made man of the dust of the ground.”

Man's State After Creation

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– He was a living soul or natural body of life, maintained in being by the action of the air through the lungs like us, but unlike us, a “very good” form of that mode of being, and unsubjected to death.

Uncertain Detail.– Would he have died if left alone, unchanged, in that state if he had not sinned? Who can tell? The testimony is that death came by sin: but the fact also is that, not being a spiritual body, he was presumably not immortal. Are we going to insist upon an opinion on a point like this, about which no man can be certain? We shall act unwarrantably if we do so. It is sufficient if a man believe that Adam after creation was a very good form of flesh and blood, untainted by curse. The uncertain points must be left to private judgment.

The Angels

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– That they are the Father’s multitudinous messengers in glorious bodily form, spiritual and immortal, to whom the brethren and sisters of Christ are to be made equal.

Uncertain Detail.– Where do they come from? Where do they live? Were they made immortal at the beginning, or did they come through a state of probationary evil like the race of Adam? Who can tell?

We may have a strong opinion, but are we going to ask believers to profess an “opinion” as a condition of fellowship? This would be going too far. It is sufficient that a believer believe in the existence and employment of the immortal angels of God. It would be a cruel extravagance to ask him to subscribe to an opinion which may be wrong.

The Earth

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– That the earth is the promised inheritance of the saints.

Uncertain Detail.– Is the earth a globe or a plane, or is it a concavity as the latest speculation affirms on scientific grounds? Who can tell? If a brother choose to think it is a plane, let him think so. It matters nothing what his opinion of the shape of the earth is, so long as he believe that the earth is the inheritance of the saints. An opinion that the earth is going to be burnt up is an opinion that would interfere with the general principle, and therefore to be rejected: but any opinion as to the constitution of the earth is to be tolerated in charity

Sun, Moon and Stars

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– God made them, and they are His.

Uncertain Detail.– Are they inhabited worlds, or are they mere lights in the expanse, as the new Koreishan science teaches? No one can tell, though there are grounds for a strong opinion. Let each one have his own opinion. We shall know all about it if we are chosen of the Lord at Christ’s return. If a brother admit that God made them, and that they belong to Him, he admits what has been revealed and what is essential to an adequate conception of the greatness of God. He must be allowed to differ from the rest, if he does so, as to what they are in themselves.

Reigning with Christ

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– That the glorified brethren of Christ will reign with him as kings and priests with Christ, when he has set up the Kingdom of God at his return.

Uncertain Detail.– Will they be scattered over the surface of the earth in palaces of their own, with definitely allotted districts which they will individually administer: or will they be collected as one body always resident in Jerusalem near the person of Christ? There are good reasons for believing the former of these views to be correct, but as an uncertain detail, we dare not insist upon a particular opinion, as a condition of fellowship. It is sufficient if a brother believe that we shall reign with Christ, whatever dim ideas he may have as to details that do not interfere with the general principle.

The Devil

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– That the Bible devil is the personified antagonism of flesh and Blood to God, in various forms and methods.

Uncertain Detail.– What was the particular form of Bible diabolism that Michael encountered in the dispute about the body of Moses? What was the particular form of the Bible devil that tempted Jesus in the wilderness? We cannot positively know because we are not informed, and because the Bible devil is over and over again a man, an institution, a government, or a desire. We may have an opinion as to who the devil was in these two cases, but it is only an opinion, and a brother must be at liberty to hold whatever opinion commends itself to him in the case, so long as his opinion does not upset the general principle in the case, nor open the door for the supernatural devil of popular theology.

Moses

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– Moses was the servant of God, and at his death, was honoured with a divine interment.

Uncertain Detail.– Is Moses living now? Some think so, because he appeared on the Mount of Transfiguration. Some think not, because that transfiguration is styled a ” vision.” What are we to do? Let every man have his own view, so long as the divinity of the work and writings of Moses is recognised. We shall find out presently from Moses himself whether he has been alive since the first appearing of Christ and the information will be very interesting; but how absurd it would be to require at the present moment a particular view on the point as a condition of fellowship.

Our Summons to Christ at His Appearing

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– That we shall be gathered to meet Christ at his coming whether living or dead, when that great event occurs.

Uncertain Detail.– How shall we be gathered? Shall we be carried off as Elijah was, or Philip, or Christ himself — by the prehensile energy of the Spirit of God? or shall we he conveyed by natural means, such as railways and steamboats? Who can be quite sure? It matters not. When the time comes, there will be no mistake about it. There is a strong probability that it will be by the power of the Spirit of God, and not by human locomotion. But are we to reject a brother because he strongly thinks it will be by natural means? So long as he believes in “the coming of our Lord Jesus and our gathering together unto him,” he may form his own ideas as to the particular method by which we are to be gathered. No opinion on that point is inconsistent with the general principle.

Immortality

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– That God will bestow immortality of nature on His accepted servants at the coming of Christ.

Uncertain Detail.– At what particular moment will this be done? Will it be done individually as we appear one by one before the judgment seat of Christ? or will it be done en masse when we have all been judged? If the latter, will it be done immediately the judgment is finished, or will it be deferred to the time when the whole earth has been subjugated by the war of the great day of God Almighty in which the saints take part? Who can tell? We may have our opinions, but we must not insist on our opinions as a condition of fellowship, unless opinions trench on general truth. An opinion to the effect that we are immortal already would clearly destroy the truth that we are to become so only when Christ comes and at his hands. In that case, we would be under the painful necessity of objecting. But provided the general truth is received, we dare not insist on a particular view as to the moment that general truth will be carried into effect.

The Temple

THE GENERAL TRUTH.– That Christ will build the temple of the future age as a house of prayer for all people.

Uncertain Detail.– What will be the size of it? What will be the shape of it? There are no grounds for absolute certainty. There are strong grounds for the view presented by brother Sulley in his temple book: but we should not be justified in making the reception of this view a condition of fellowship. It is sufficient that the general truth is received. Any view that may be entertained as to details is not inconsistent with the general truth.

The Judgment Seat

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– That Christ will call the living and the dead before his judgment seat at his coming.

Uncertain Detail.– Where will he set it up? Will it be in Palestine, or in Egypt, or in the Arabian Peninsula, in the solitudes of Sinai? We cannot be sure. All available evidence seems to point in the direction of the last-mentioned; but an uncertain detail must not be made a basis of fellowship. We must not insist upon a man believing the judgment seat will be set up at Sinai or any particular place so long as he believes that “Jesus Christ will judge the living and the dead at his appearing and his Kingdom.”

Responsibility

GENERAL PRINCIPLE.– That men are responsible to the resurrection of condemnation who refuse subjection to the will of God when their circumstances are such as to leave them no excuse for such refusal.

Uncertain Detail.– But when, in our age, are men in such circumstances? Who can tell but God alone? Some think it is enough if a man have a Bible. Some think that is not enough unless the Bible is explained to him (as in a lecture or book). Some think that is not enough unless the man have the capacity to understand the explanation. Some think even that is not enough unless the hand of God is openly shown in certification of the divinity of the Bible, as in the apostolic age, when “the Lord worked with them and confirmed the word with signs following.”

What are we to do? Are we to insist upon a precise shade of opinion on a point about which no judicious man can be absolutely clear? All we can be sure about is that when men are “without excuse” knowing the judgment of God (Rom 1:20,32; 2:1); when they have “no cloak for their sin” like the men who saw the miracles of Christ, and yet both “saw and hated both him and his Father” (Joh 15:22,24), that they will come forth at the resurrection to receive punishment according to the righteous judgment of God. When men admit this, they admit enough for purposes of fellowship as regards this particular point. To insist on more than this is to go too far, and to inflict needless distress and cause unnecessary division.

No doubt the men who do so think they are doing God service. There is a little excuse for them in the extraordinary doctrine that has been propounded that in the matter of resurrection, God “does not proceed on principles of justice,” but on principles of law, and that if a man have not gone so far in submission and obedience as to be baptised into Christ, Christ has no hold on him, however great and deliberate a rebel he may be.

But they go unwarrantably beyond what is just in withdrawing from those who have not received this doctrine, but who are hazy as to the application of the scriptural rule of responsibility in our particular age. Their zeal for a true doctrine is good, but not the shutting of their eyes to the reasonable qualifications that belong to the true view of the subject. They read “He that believeth not shall be condemned,” and they exclaim, “Why hesitate?” They forget that these words refer to those who saw the signs. If they say, “No, they apply to everybody also”, they have to be reminded that they do not really think so themselves. Do they believe the Mahometans, and the Chinese who “believe not” will be raised to condemnation? Do they think the benighted millions of Christendom, who “believe not” will be raised? They do not. They have only to ask themselves “Why?” to he reminded of the qualifying fact associated with the words they quote. That qualifying fact was that the men referred to had no excuse for not believing. As Jesus said, ” If I had not come and spoken unto them (and done among them works which none other man did), they had not had sin” (to answer for). “If ye were blind, ye should have no sin” (in rejecting me).

God is just. The mere circumstance of believing not, is not a ground for resurrectional condemnation in the absence of those attendant circumstances that demand belief. So with the other statement, “He that rejecteth me,” etc. It has to be qualified by the parenthesis understood, “having seen the works I have done.”

But say they, “Where the Gospel has power to save” it has power to condemn; and if rejectors are not to be raised, what guarantee have we that acceptors will be saved?” The answer is, Where the Gospel has power to save, it certainly has power to condemn; but where has the Gospel power to save? Only where it is known and believed. In that case, it will condemn the man who does not conform to its requirements. But has it power to save where a man is ignorant or uncertain? No enlightened man would say “Yes” here, and therefore it will be observed that the conclusion as to the condemning power of the Gospel, where it has power to save, has no application to the class of persons in dispute, viz., men, who in the darkness of the age are uncertain as to the truth, though knowing it in a theoretical manner.

Men who say to Christadelphians, “I understand what you believe and it is beautiful; but is it true? If the Bible is divine, no doubt it is true; but I have my reservations as to the Bible.” There is no quarrel as to the men who recognise the Bible as the Word of God, and, understanding it, are aware of its demands upon them to repent and submit to the service of Christ; and yet refuse submission because of the present inconveniences of submission. The responsibility of these men to the resurrection of condemnation is without doubt, but where there is one man of this kind, there are hundreds who are in a haze and a maze of uncertainty as to the truthfulness of the Truth, though knowing what the Truth is, and concerning whom it is not possible to take the ground that they will rise to condemnation at the coming of Christ.

A mistake is made in contending for precise views on a matter that cannot be made precise. Where men admit that rebels and unbelievers who deserve punishment will rise at the resurrection to receive that punishment without reference to the question whether they are baptised or not, they admit all that can righteously be exacted from them. It is impossible for any man to say, who are so deserving. We know that God is just, and will do no unrighteousness. When men admit that He will resurrectionally punish the men who are deserving of it, whether baptised or not, it is inadmissible that we should withdraw from them because they are unable to say who are and who are not so deserving.

There is the less need for the extreme demands of some on this head, since those who have espoused the extraordinary doctrine that a man must obey God a little before he is punishable, have separated themselves from those who will not receive their doctrine. “But this has not brought peace,” say they. Do they imagine that this other movement is going to bring peace? Behold how much the reverse. They are separating men who ought to remain united because holding the same truth, though made by an artificial contention to appear as if they did not. They are sowing division and bitterness and strife on the plea of producing harmony and peace. They are refusing the friends of Christ because of uncertainties as to how much Christ will punish a certain class of his enemies. And compassing sea and land to make proselytes to this most unenlightened proceeding.

How perfectly melancholy it seems in the presence of the real work of the Truth. While the world is up in arms against the Bible, or where not against the Bible, against the doctrines of the Bible, and some good and honest hearts surrender, and joyfully profess faith in the writings of Moses, the prophets and the apostles, and receive the Gospel as preached to Abraham, and expounded by Jesus to the hearers of the apostolic age with all readiness of mind and they ask for baptism that they may become servants of Christ in the obedience of his commandments, and heirs of the great salvation promised to the faithful. We examine them and find them fully enlightened in “the glorious Gospel of the blessed God,” and we baptise them.

They come to the table of the Lord: an extremist steps forward and says:

“Do you believe rejectors of the truth will rise to condemnation?”

The newborn says: “I believe the rejectors referred to by Christ will rise.”

Extremist: “Will not all rejectors rise?”

Newborn: ” Not all rejectors, I think. The Mahometans reject Christ. I do not expect them to rise.”

Extremist: “You are trifling with the question.”

Newborn: “I think not. I understood that rejectors were not responsible unless they rebel against the light knowing it to be the light.”

Extremist: “That is what I mean, but many are hazy who these are: will you promise to withdraw from such?”

Newborn: “You put me in a difficulty there. If men believe that the Lord will punish those who deserve it, and that rebels and unbelievers will be excluded from the Kingdom of God, I should scarcely feel justified in refusing them because of any little uncertainty they might have as to the Lord’s precise method of dealing with them. It would depend upon the nature of their reasons. If they were to contend that Christ had no hold on rebels unless they were baptlsed, and that rebels could outwit God, as it were, by refusing to go into the water, and that in fact resurrectional condemnation was only for the obedient, and that the safe way for men when the Gospel comes is to have nothing to do with it, I confess I should look upon that as such a confusion of Truth in its most elementary principles as would justify me in refusing identification with it. But if their difficulty were merely as to the precise amount of privilege needful to make an unbeliever responsible, I should hesitate in refusing them. I should, in fact, fear to do wrong in doing so.”

Extremist: “Oh, I see you are prepared to compromise the truth for the sake of numbers.”

Newborn: “I think you are not justified in that expression of opinion.”

Extremist: “I have a right to form my own opinion.”

Newborn: “A man may have to answer for wrong opinions of that sort. You judge and condemn where you are forbidden to do so.”

If the Extremist will walk out under those circumstances, there is nothing for it but to bear it.

This “doctrine of fellowship” (as it is called) is also carried to an excess never contemplated in apostolic prescription. I was called upon by a man in dead earnest who contended there were no such things as “first principles,” and that every detail of Truth, down even to the date of the expiry of the Papal 1260, should be insisted on as a condition of fellowship.

Such outrageous extravagance would not be contended for by every extremist; but in principle, they are guilty of it when they insist on uncertain details, as well as true general principles.

Fellowship is friendly association for the promotion of a common object — with more or less of the imperfection belonging to all mortal life. To say that every man in that fellowship is responsible for every infirmity of judgment that may exist in the association is an extreme to which no man of sound judgment can lend himself. There will be flawless fellowship in the perfect state. Perhaps it is the admiration of this in prospect that leads some to insist upon it now. But it is none the less a mistake. This is a mixed and preparatory state in which much has to be put up with when the true principles are professed.

Judas was a thief, and Jesus knew it, but tolerated him till he manifested himself. Was Jesus responsible while he fellowshipped him? Certainly not. Judas was qualified for the fellowship of the apostolic circle by his endorsement of the common professed objects of its existence, viz., the proclamation of the Gospel of the Kingdom in conjunction with Jesus as the accepted “Christ, the Son of the living God.” His thieving character did not exclude him from that circle till he went and hanged himself.

There were men among the Corinthian brethren who denied the resurrection: did Paul charge the brethren with complicity with that heresy because of the presence of such among them? Doubtless their rejection of the resurrection nullified their claims for that place, but still it did not make the true brethren guilty of their false doctrine while merely tolerating them, pending an appeal to Paul.

If a man lend himself to the evil projects of others and wish them well in them, no doubt they are as responsible for those projects as if they actually promoted them with their own personal labours. This is the principle to which John gives expression when he says, “He that biddeth him (the holder of false doctrine) God-speed, is partaker of his evil deeds.” But the principle is carried too far when it is made applicable to the individual diversities and idiosyncrasies of a community concurring in a common object and a common doctrine and a common service, and having fellowship one with another in the promotion of these common things. Men thus associated together are not responsible for each other’s peculiarities or doubtful thoughts on matters of uncertain detail. They are responsible only for what they wittingly espouse. They would be responsible for the admission of a Mahometan, or a Papal idolator, or an orthodox denier of the Gospel, as such. They are not responsible for every shade of opinion that may dwell in the breast of a man admitted on account of his professed subjection to the Truth. It is nothing but monstrous to contend for a fellowship-responsibility of this sort. In fact, it would make fellowship impossible. It would turn ecclesial life into an intolerable inquisition, instead of a source of comfort and edification and help and joy, from the sharing of a common faith.

It is asked, Why did you take such strong ground then, with regard to fellowship, on the question of inspiration? Wise men do not require an answer. If there are those who feel they require it, here it is. The question of the inspiration of the Bible is a question of whether it is God speaking or man: a question of whether we may trust absolutely to what we read as of divine authority, or whether it may possibly be the vagaries of unenlightened human brains.

Such a question goes right to the foundation. It is the first of all first principles, for without the absolute reliability of the Bible, there is no such thing as a first principle possible. For any doubt to exist on this question was to render fellowship impossible on various strong grounds. Such a doubt was raised in harmony with the widespread rot that prevails under various learned auspices in the religious world. It was espoused warmly by some in our midst; by many others who do not profess to receive it there was an unwillingness to refuse it fellowship. Consequently, we had either to tolerate the currency of a doctrine quietly and gradually destructive of all Truth in our midst, or refuse to have anything to do with it, and stop up all leak-holes by insisting not only on the right doctrine, but on the refusal of toleration to the wrong.

To contend for the equal applicability of such measures to the question of the responsibility of rebels and unbelievers, does certainly seem to indicate an inability to distinguish between things that differ. A brother’s uncertainties on the subject is an affair of interpretation of the Lord’s acknowledged word. He does not deny the Lord’s utterances: he asks what do they mean? This is a position to be treated in a very different manner from the attitude that calls in question the authenticity of the Lord’s words. And any misapprehension he may labour under as to the meaning of the words does not affect any general truth in the case, but merely the application of said truth in detail. He does not say, “I believe rebels and unbelievers will go unpunished if they are not baptised.”

He says, “l certainly believe they will be punished, whether baptised or not, in all cases in which the Lord thinks they are deserving of it. But,” adds he, “I see the Lord makes blindness a reason for exemption. And therefore I feel in a state of uncertainty as to how much the Lord will punish various classes of unbelievers in a day like ours when all is so dark.” To apply to such a position the stringent measures called for by the denial of the complete inspiration of the Bible indicates a fogginess of mental vision.

Upon which, there rises the exclamation: “How are the mighty fallen! What a change in the position of brother Roberts with reference to the question of fellowship! ” We can endure such objurgations because they come from the mouths of wellmeaning men, and because they are based upon entire misapprehension. We have changed in nothing since the day we commenced the active service of the Truth. In the beginning, we had to deal with men who were prepared to compromise first principles in fellowship. To every disease its own remedy. We took a line of argument suitable to the exigency. But now, there is another extreme of an equally destructive character in another way. It is an extreme requiring another kind of argument. Have we changed because we take a line of argument suited to a new dilemma? There are several sides to a camp. When the attack is on the north, the troops are sent that way in defence. Is the general inconsistent because when the attack comes from the west, he withdraws his troops from the north, and sends them to the new point of attack? We are sorry for all the brethren affected by the varying tactics of error (for this is an error of action of a very serious character: if it is not an error of doctrine). It is an offence against the little ones believing in Christ, of which he expressed such great jealousy. It may be forgiven as Paul’s persecution of the disciples was forgiven: but for the time being, it is a grave offence which we refuse to share. There is nothing for it but to wait. We are all helpless in these periodic fermentations, and must bear them as well as we can, and come through them with as little friction as possible in comforting prospect of the master hand that will soon take the helm, and give to the world peace, after storm; and to his accepted brethren, rest after the exhausting toils of this great and terrible wilderness.