Matthew 5

Mat 5:1

Mat 5-7: The proclamation: manifesto of the King. Christ’s self-portrait to challenge listener and reader.

HE WENT UP ON A MOUNTAINSIDE AND SAT DOWN: Moses received the Law standing before God, and descended from the mount to deliver it to the people. The One who is greater than Moses is seated, and delivers the Law in the mount as the very voice of God (TM 25).

Instances of Jesus withdrawing into a mountain, apart — sometimes for privacy and prayer, and sometimes to instruct his followers: Mat 5:1; 8:1; 14:23; 15:29; 17:1; 24:3; 28:16; Mark 3:13; 6:46; 9:2; 13:3; Luke 6:12; 9:28; 22:39; John 6:3,15; 8:1.

In addition, the whole of Mat 5-7 proves to be an extended commentary on Psalm 15:

A comparison of Psa 15 and the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7):

Matthew 6

Mat 6:2

DO NOT ANNOUNCE IT WITH TRUMPETS: In the Mishna it is said that “there were thirteen horn-shaped chests in the Temple”, receptacles for contributions. Each was labeled for specific contributions and evidently set up on the Court of the Women, where all contributors were in public view. It is at these trumpet-shaped chests, which Mark and Luke call “the treasury”, that the widow of Mar 12:41,42 and Luke 21:1,2 contributed her “mites” (Temple 49).

RECEIVED THEIR REWARD: Gr “apecho”, lit “paid in full”! A commercial term for full payment made and receipt given (Sw Luk 6:24; Phi 4:18.)

Mat 6:3

DO NOT LET YOUR LEFT HAND KNOW WHAT YOUR RIGHT HAND IS DOING: Do not even “congratulate” yourself by telling the “old man” inside you! (“Left hand” = baser instincts; “right hand” = higher aspirations.)

Charles Spurgeon and his wife, according to a story, would sell, but refused to give away, the eggs their chickens laid. Even close relatives were told, “You may have them if you pay for them.” As a result some people labeled the Spurgeons greedy and grasping.

They accepted the criticisms without defending themselves, and only after Mrs Spurgeon died was the full story revealed. All the profits from the sale of eggs went to support two elderly widows. Because the Spurgeons were unwilling to let their left hand know what the right hand was doing, they endured the attacks in silence.

Mat 6:6

GO INTO YOUR ROOM: By “room” is meant a “closet” (AV).

Jewish men wore a garment called a “talith”, “talis”, or “prayer shawl”, all the time, not just at prayer. “Talith” consists of two Hebrew words; “tal” (tent) and “ith” (little). Thus, each man had his own little tent. (The apostle Paul was a Jewish Pharisee, but also a tentmaker. Some believe that he made prayer shawls, not tents to live in. Since all Jews could not worship in the Tent of Meeting at one time, God gave to each Jew his own private sanctuary where he could meet with God. In prayer, the man would pull it up over his head, forming a tent, where he could retreat to cali upon Yahweh. It was intimate, private, and set apart from anyone else — enabling him to totally focus upon God. It was his prayer closet.

With this may be compared the words of God through Isaiah: “Go, my people, enter your rooms and shut the doors behind you; hide yourselves for a little while until his wrath has passed by” (Isa 26:20).

Open doors: for restored communion (2Ch 29:3); deliverance from prison (Act 5:19); surrender (Rev 3:20); service (1Co 16:9); and opportunity (Rev 3:8). Shut doors: for safety (Gen 7:16); privacy and communion (Mat 6:6); faith and prayer (2Ki 4:5,21,33); self-sufficiency (Rev 3:20); and separation and rejection (Mat 25:10).

Mat 6:7

DO NOT KEEP ON BABBLING LIKE PAGANS: “Use not vain repetitions” (AV): cp Pro 10:19; Ecc 5:2. He who knows all things does not need detailed information bulletins.

Mat 6:9

Vv 9-13: OT refs in Lord’s prayer: Deu 1:31; Exo 4:22; Hos 11:1; Isa 63:16; 1Ki 8 (8x); Psa 115:1,3.

“Whilst commenting upon the Lord’s prayer, it is worth pointing out that the Lord repeated the essence of each phrase at various points during His life. When facing his ultimate struggle of the cross, he asked that the Father’s Name would be glorified (Joh 12:28) — quoting his own words from his model prayer. It hurt and cost him so much to pray that prayer — the prayer we may have known for so many years that we can pray it almost at no cost. But to truly ask for the Father’s will to be done is in fact a commitment to the way of the cross (Joh 6:38; Heb 10:7-10; Mar 14:36). So let us pray the prayer — but putting meaning into the words” (DH).

“Our Father in heaven” (Mat 6:9); “Father of glory” or “glorious Father” (Eph 1:17); “Father of compassion” (2Co 1:3); “Father of spirits” (Heb 12:9); “Father of the heavenly lights” (Jam 1:17); “a Father to you” (2Co 6:18); “the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (Rom 15:6).

Things for which to pray: (1) that God’s name be honored and respected; (2) that God’s kingdom be completed; (3) that God’s will be implemented; (4) for physical needs — daily bread; (5) for social needs — forgiving and being forgiven; (6) for spiritual needs — temptation and deliverance.

See Lesson, I cannot say (the Lord’s prayer).

See Lord’s prayer, an acrostic.

HALLOWED BE YOUR NAME: This phrase uses an aorist tense, which implies that it will be accomplished as a one-time act, at the coming of the Lord. Indeed, the aorist tenses in the Lord’s model prayer are arresting; each phrase of the prayer asks for something to be done in a one-time sense. This alone suggests an intended “answer” in terms of the final establishment of the Kingdom.

Mat 6:10

YOUR KINGDOM COME…: “To desire the Kingdom merely as an end for ourselves is to desire not God’s Kingdom but our own” (LGS). See Jer 3:17; Dan 2:44.

YOUR WILL BE DONE: That is, NOW! See Mar 14:36; Psa 40:7; Mat 12:5a; Isa 2:2-4.

ON EARTH AS IT IS IN HEAVEN: May be read to modify all 3 previous clauses.

Mat 6:11

DAILY: Gr “epiousion” (also Luk 11:3) = a daily allowance of food.

A man can no more take a supply of grace for the future than he can eat enough today to last him for the next 6 months, nor can he inhale sufficient air into his lungs with one breath to sustain life for a week to come. We are permitted to draw upon God’s store of grace from day to day as we need it!

“Back of the loaf is the snowy flour, And back of the flour the mill; And back of the mill is the wheat and shower, And the sun and the Father’s will.”

Mat 6:12

Belief of gospel, baptism, and forgiveness of sins: Mar 16:15; Act 2:38.

Mat 6:13

God’s guidance in life; the power of prayer.

LEAD US NOT INTO TEMPTATION: More lit, “Do not carry us INTO [eis] temptation” — ie, ‘and leave us (or abandon) us there’.

DELIVER US FROM THE EVIL ONE: Or, simply, “evil” (AV; RSV). In the sense of Gal 1:4; 2Ti 4:18. And in temporary sense also: Mat 24:20; 8:26; Psa 18:48.

FROM EVIL: “Apo” = away from.

FOR YOURS IS THE KINGDOM…: Cp 1Ch 29:11; Dan 4:30,34.

AND THE GLORY FOREVER: Eternal life, on earth (Rev 5:9,10). Greatest theme: the glory of God (Isa 11:9).

Mat 6:14

” ‘I cannot forgive an offender till he seeks forgiveness, or I make myself as great an offender.’

“There can be no doubt that acknowledgment is the natural and prescribed condition of forgiveness in all cases of unquestionable personal injury in word or deed. Nothing admits so clear and sweet and lasting a reparation. It is the lesson of Moses’ Law throughout, and continually exemplified in God’s dealings with Israel.

“But in the confusions of human intercourse, in the present state of weakness, there arise hundreds of cases in which it is impossible to apply this law in any strict manner: first, because it usually happens that there are faults on both sides; and second, because it nearly as often happens that where one side may be clean-handed enough, the other side is the offending side not through any intention or desire to do injury — but through a wrong understanding of things.

“In such cases, no wise man would insist on the unconditional surrender implied in the request for forgiveness. Even in a clear case, he is too conscious of his own shortcomings to take an imperious attitude. He would run more than half way to meet his offending brother if he saw the least disposition to concede the point.

“But as for the idea that forgiveness cannot be granted without confession, and that such forgiveness would be sin, the brother broaching such an idea will be likely to abandon it on full reflection. We are commanded to forgive if confession is made, for this was the point in question when Jesus spoke (Mat 18:21; Luke 17:3,4).

“But we are not forbidden to forgive in the absence of confession. We are at liberty to forgive without it if we like, certainly. Jesus gave us this example: ‘Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do’ (Luke 23:34). Paul also: ‘I pray God that it may not be laid to their charge’ (2Ti 4:16).

“Stephen also (Acts 7:60): all this without confession on the part of the offenders, for they were too dark-minded to know their need for forgiveness. This is the magnanimity which belongs to the children of God, who can even return good for evil. A man may be within his rights who says, ‘I will not forgive him unless he ask me’ — though he is marking himself thus as the feeblest of the children of God (if indeed he be of the children, showing thus he hath not the spirit of Christ).

“But there is nothing to hinder a man soaring far above his rights, and saying — ‘This man who has wronged me is too ungifted from God to see what he has done. I will let the matter pass. I will pray God to forgive him; and if He forgive at the judgement seat, the man will gladly see and own his fault: I can wait.’

“The man who applies the rule of confession before forgiveness too strictly is in danger of having the same measure applied to himself. So Christ says (Mat 18:35). And how then? WE CANNOT BE SAVED, for we are too dim-eyed to know all our sins. And if those only are forgiven that we see and admit, the unforgiven balance must sink us to perdition.

“Another point the offended brother should consider is whether his state is due to wounded pride or violated righteousness. If he is expert at self-examination, he will probably find it is the former three times out of four, at least — for he discovers that other offenses against the law of God do not hurt him at all if they do not touch HIM. If so, he will act wisely to hold his hand, and be as little exacting with the offender as possible.

“On the other hand, the offender should be frank and gracious in his acknowledgments. He rarely is so. As a rule his concession is tardy and ambiguous, and generally takes the shape of an insulting hypothesis — ‘If I have given offense, I am sorry for it.’

“This is not acknowledgment at all, my friend. It may even be an insulting implication to this effect ‘I am sorry my neighbor has been such a simpleton as to take offense where it was perfectly unwarrantable he should do so.’

“If you mean confession, let it be fair and square and handsome: ‘I have done this: I ought not to have done it: I am sorry for it.’

“Graciousness on one side will lead to graciousness on the other, and love will flow. But that good time has to come! But it will come and the children of mercy will prosper and rejoice” (RR).

“An unforgiving spirit means there is no pardon for your other sins. A rift fostered when it could be healed is a curse upon the life of faith. Neglect hardens the conscience. The mind becomes morbid and multiplies the ill-will. Grace is deferred and guile expands. The need for pardon is calling every disciple to examine at the altar his feelings towards God’s other children. An unforgiving spirit means that the desolation of unforgiven sin abides and grows. Here there is no room for negligence. It is too serious and the resulting failure too solemn. We cannot win pardon; we can only receive it gladly and gratefully. Let every troubled heart remove the impediments to pardon and receive it joyfully and find peace” (GD).

Mat 6:19

Vv 19-34: See Lesson, Money. Also see Article, Treasures and treasures.

“When one sees the way in which wealth-getting enters as an ideal into the very bone and marrow of our generation, one wonders whether a revival of the belief that poverty is a worthy religious vocation may not be the spiritual reform which our time stands most in need of… we have grown literally afraid to be poor. We despise anyone who elects to be poor in order to simplify and save his inner life. There are thousands of situations in which a wealth-bound man must be a slave, whilst a man for whom poverty holds no terrors becomes a free man… it is certain that the prevalent fear of poverty among the educated classes is the worst moral disease from which our civilization suffers” (PM 28).

Vv 19,20: Daily work: 1Ti 5:18. Paul’s example: 2Th 3:8. To aid others: Luk 8:3; Act 11:29. But work not to be rich: Mat 6:19; Pro 23:4; Mat 19:24. Our foremost goal: “Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, I press on toward the goal for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus” (Phi 3:13,14).

WHERE THIEVES BREAK IN AND STEAL: “Dig through”, ie, walls of earth or mud bricks, implying the houses of the poorer classes.

Mat 6:20

Treasures in heaven are laid up only as treasures on earth are laid down.

TREASURES IN HEAVEN: “We must move out of the changing, passing fantasies of the present into the realm of unchanging, eternal reality. We must transfer all our affections and possessions there. This is ‘laying up treasure in heaven,’ where it will be eternally abiding” (GVG).

“Seek not wealth and pleasure and power. Pray fervently for the real treasures: the treasures of character and personality and relationship to God — for deeper, clearer, stronger faith and vision. Pray for compassion and love and patience and zeal. Pray for knowledge and understanding and wisdom: seek them constantly in the Word. Labor for the imperishable treasures that enrich the mind and the heart, the treasures that become part of yourself forever. External relationships and circumstances are nothing, except as they help to relate us to God and to eternity. Build your character by constant study and self-discipline. Lay up the true riches. Every spiritual thought we think, every spiritual fact we learn, every spiritual deed we do — adds to our true wealth and inner value. We begin life as useless, valueless, empty shells. Most end life as useless, valueless, empty shells: a once-for-all eternal opportunity frittered away in stupid folly. They only are rich who fill themselves with God’s freely offered riches of spiritual instruction and transformation. Let us be rich” (GVG).

A preacher was invited to dinner in the home of a very wealthy man in Texas. After the meal, the host led him to a place where they could get a good view of the surrounding area. Pointing to the oil wells punctuating the landscape, he boasted, “Twenty-five years ago I had nothing. Now, as far as you can see, it’s all mine.” Looking in the opposite direction at his sprawling fields of grain, he said, “That’s all mine.” Turning east toward huge herds of cattle, he bragged, “They’re all mine.” Then pointing to the west and a beautiful forest, he exclaimed, “That too is all mine.” He paused, expecting his guest to compliment him on his great success. The preacher, however, placing one hand on the man’s shoulder and pointing heavenward with the other, simply said, “How much do you have in that direction?” The man hung his head and confessed, “I never thought of that.”

Mat 6:22

Look well to your motives; do not “whittle down” Christ’s commandments.

GOOD: “Single” in AV: 2Co 8:2 (liberality, or generosity) is sw. Cp Pro 22:9: “A generous man will himself be blessed, for he shares his food with the poor.” See also 2Co 9:11; Rom 12:8; Pro 11:25.

Mat 6:23

IF YOUR EYES ARE BAD: Vision distorted by wealth: Deu 15:9; Pro 23:6,7; 28:22: “A stingy man is eager to get rich and is unaware that poverty awaits him.”

Mat 6:24

NO ONE CAN SERVE TWO MASTERS: “We claim, and often tell God in prayer, that it is our ‘sole desire to serve Him in immortal strength throughout eternity.’ Some say ‘humble desire’ — though we always wonder at the depth, or even the understanding, of ‘humility’ of those who tell God they are humble (doubtless we do it ourselves too, as in many other things we wonder about in others). But about this claim to desire to serve God totally and forever, We can show right now whether this is sincerity or just fancy words. If we really do desire to ‘serve God throughout eternity,’ we shall be serving Him now with all our present mortal strength and life, and mind and goods, or else all our fine words are froth. We shall recognize that we have no time to spare — yea, we shall have no desire — for anything else except providing the bare necessities of life so that we may wholly serve Him. Does our way of life confirm or belie our so noble protestations? Do we think God is deceived by mere words?” (GVG).

YOU CANNOT SERVE BOTH GOD AND MONEY: “God in mind at every moment: that is the ideal. Be satisfied with nothing less. We shall forget, and wander, and fail a million times, but we must keep on roughly and doggedly pulling our minds back, over and over and over, until it becomes second nature. This is the only way anything is learned, and this is the greatest of all learning: the only true learning at all. Accept nothing less of yourself, for nothing less is acceptable. Eternity of joy with God is a mighty, glorious, incomprehensible destiny. It is not for the half-hearted, the wavering, timid, double-minded devotees of half-measures and divided interests. ‘Ye cannot serve God and mammon… Choose ye this day whom ye will serve!’ The present life is the briefest of moments in the vast sweep of endless time. Its only value and meaning is its once-for-all opportunity of seizing the glories of eternity. Would you stop to play with baubles on a rapidly sinking ship? You have but the briefest of moments to decide, the smallest of gifts to offer to God in thanksgiving for His goodness: trade it all — gratefully and without hesitation or regret — for the infinite wealth of eternity” (GVG).

“The moment we make up our minds that we are going on with this determination to exalt God over all we step out of the world’s parade. We shall find ourselves out of adjustment to the ways of the world, and increasingly so as we make progress in the holy way. We shall acquire a new viewpoint; a new and different psychology will be formed within us; a new power will begin to surprise us by it upsurgings and its outgoings. Our break with the world will be the direct outcome of our changed relation to God. For the world of fallen men does not honor God. Millions call themselves by His Name, it is true, and pay some token respect to Him, but a simple test will show how little He is really honored among them. Let the average man be put to the proof on the question of who is above, and his true position will be exposed. Let him be forced into making a choice between God and money, between God and men, between God and personal ambition, God and self, God and human love, and God will take second place every time. Those other things will be exalted above. However the man may protest, the proof is in the choices he makes day after day throughout his life” (AWT).

MONEY: Or “Mammon” (AV). Sig riches in a bad sense; poss derived from Heb “cause to trust”.

Examples of personification: riches (Mat 6:24); sin (Joh 8:34; Rom 5:21; 6:16); spirit (Joh 16:13); wisdom (Pro 3:13-15; 9:1); Israel (Jer 31:4,18); people of Christ (Eph 4:4,13; 5:23; Rev 19:7; 1Co 12:27; 2Co 11:2; Col 1:18,24).

Mat 6:25

DO NOT WORRY ABOUT YOUR LIFE…: But we must not tempt God (Mat 4:7); we must work nevertheless (2Th 3:10; 1Ti 5:8).

It is a revolutionary concept, totally foreign to our natural inclinations. But Jesus does not bid us obey him without reasons. He gives, in fact, seven good reasons (vv 25-34) why this philosophy makes sense: v 25: Life itself is more important than those things that sustain it. If our lives come from God and are held in His hand, then certainly, when we do our part faithfully in the great adventure of dedication and service, the lesser matters will be taken care of.

Mat 6:26

The birds do not make frantic provision. They do not worry or scheme or plan. And you, Jesus says, are much more important than they are (Mat 10:29-31). Even the unclean ravens are cared for by God (Luk 12:24; cp Mat 10:29; Luk 12:6; Psa 147:8,9,11). God even gives laws to benefit the birds (Deu 22:6,7).

BARNS: Ct Luk 12:18: “This is what I’ll do. I will tear down my barns and build bigger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods.”

Mat 6:27

Better, “Which of you by being anxious can add one cubit to his span of life?”

LIFE: Or “age”: Joh 9:21,23; Heb 11:11; Luk 2:52.

Mat 6:28

Vv 28-30: If God takes such care for the flowers that will soon shrivel in the heat, will He not provide much better for you, His children, made in His image?

LILIES OF THE FIELD: “The flower, beautiful in form; The bird, beautiful in motion and melody. Merely by being themselves, by living the only life they can live, they manifest the God that made them beautiful. So will it be at last in the liberation of the spirit from the bondage of the flesh” (GbS 108).

Mat 6:29

NOT EVEN SOLOMON: When the queen of Sheba came to see Solomon, she marveled at even the garments of his servants (1Ki 10:5). Yet Solomon himself must have been arrayed far more splendidly than they! But the wildflowers of Galilee, like the anemone in its matchless loveliness, were arrayed far better than even Solomon! Thus Jesus rebukes alike the poor and anxious, and the rich and self-indulgent. The garment of righteousness which God provides outmatches them all — queen of Sheba, king of Israel, clothes-conscious moneyspender of our age!

Finally, does this imply that Solomon was NOT clothed with the righteousness of Christ?

EVEN SOLOMON IN ALL HIS SPLENDOR: “Only the very young or the very foolish would wish to ape the luxury of a wholly different class of society from their own. Yet Jesus pricks the bubble of all such comparison by taking as example the extreme of magnificence — Solomon enthroned in regal array. For such comparisons differ only in degree: every step up leads only to emulation of the rank above. We attain with much struggle a level of comfort or standard of appearance which for the moment seems to fulfil our ambition. Ten years later the bloom has rubbed off our prize; that which gave us a glowing satisfaction is viewed almost with distaste: we must go on to get something more. Jesus saw that there was no limit to human vanity, and no final standard but the pinnacle of splendour” (TM 220).

Mat 6:30

THE GRASS OF THE FIELD: “All men are like grass, and all their glory is like the flowers of the field” (Isa 40:6).

Mat 6:31

SO DO NOT WORRY: “Difficult times have helped me to understand better than before how infinitely rich and beautiful life is in every way and that so many things that one goes worrying about are of no importance whatsoever” (Isak Dinesen). “Worry is interest paid on trouble before it falls due” (William Ralph Inge).

Mat 6:32

V 32a: The nations that do not know God worry and hoard riches. Surely you will not be like them!

V 32b: Your Heavenly Father knows what you need. He will not forget.

Nevertheless, cp 1Ti 5:8; 2Th 3:10; Act 18:3; 20:34 on the necessity to work.

Mat 6:33

SEEK FIRST HIS KINGDOM: Which it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you (Luk 12:32).

AND HIS RIGHTEOUSNESS: God’s righteousness, and not our own (Phi 2:13; 3:9; Joh 15:4; Psa 37:3,4)!

Do we have the COURAGE to put God first in all things?

“So we fix our eyes not on what is seen, but on what is unseen. For what is seen is temporary, but what is unseen is eternal” (2Co 4:18).

“Indeed, if we consider the unblushing promises of reward and the staggering nature of the rewards promised in the Gospels, it would seem that our Lord finds our desires not too strong, but too weak. We are half-hearted creatures, fooling around about drink and sex and ambition when infinite joy is offered us, like an ignorant child who wants to go on making mud pies in a slum because he cannot imagine what is meant by the offer of a holiday at the sea. We are too easily pleased” (CSL).

“I asked God to take away my habit. God said, ‘No. It is not for me to take away, but for you to give it up.’ I asked God to make my handicapped child whole. God said, ‘No. His mind is whole, his body is only temporary.’ I asked God to grant me patience. God said, ‘No. Patience is a byproduct of tribulations; It isn’t granted, it is learned.’ I asked God to give me happiness. God said, ‘No. I give you blessings; Happiness is up to you.’ I asked God to spare me pain. God said, ‘No. Suffering draws you apart from worldly cares, and brings you closer to me.’ I asked God to make my character grow. God said, ‘No. You must grow on your own, but I will prune you to make you fruitful.’ I asked God for all things that I might enjoy life. God said, ‘No. I will give you life, so that you may enjoy all things.’ I asked God to help me LOVE others, as much as He loves me.

God said, ‘Ahhhh, finally you have the idea.’ “

Mat 6:34

“One day at a time”: The world is such an evil place that we need as much of our mental resources as can be spared to face the spiritual trials of today. To borrow worries from next week is to overburden our capabilities and risk failure in spiritual pursuits.

“This is the NOW we are living in; do not be distracted by the claims of tomorrow, or the worries of yesterday.”

“For yesterday is but a dream, And tomorrow is only a vision. But today well lived makes Yesterday a dream of happiness And every tomorrow a vision of hope.”

DO NOT WORRY ABOUT TOMORROW: “One day Dwight Morrow and his wife, the parents of Anne Lindbergh, were in Rugby, England. After wandering through the streets they realized that they had lost their way. At this moment an incident occurred that entered into Morrow’s philosophy and became a guiding principle in his life. He stopped a little Rugby lad of about 12 years. ‘Could you tell us the way to the station?’ he asked. ‘Well,’ the boy answered, ‘You turn to the right there by the grocer’s shop and then take the second street to the left. That will bring you to a place where four streets meet. And then, sir, you had better inquire again.’

This answer came to symbolize for Dwight Morrow his own method of approaching complicated problems. It implied in the first place a realistic skepticism regarding the capacity of human intelligence. It was in the second place an object lesson in the inevitability of gradualness. And in the third place, it was a parable of how, when the ultimate end is uncertain, one should endeavor to advance, if only a little way, in the correct, rather than the incorrect direction.”

There are two days in every week that we should not worry about. Two days that should be kept free from fear and apprehension.

One is “Yesterday”… With its mistakes and cares, its faults and blunders, its aches and pains. Yesterday has passed — forever beyond our control. All the money in the world cannot bring back yesterday. We cannot undo a single act we performed, nor can we erase a single word we’ve said… Yesterday is gone!

The other day is “Tomorrow”… With its impossible adversaries, its burdens, its hopeful promise and poor performance. Tomorrow is beyond our control. Tomorrow’s sun will rise either in splendor or behind a bank of clouds… but it will rise. And until it does, we have no stake in tomorrow, for it is yet unborn.

This leaves only “Today”… Any person can fight the battles of just one day. It is only when we add the burdens of yesterday and tomorrow that we break down. It is not the experience of today that drives people mad, it’s the remorse for something that happened yesterday and the dread of what tomorrow might bring…

Therefore… let us live… one day at a time.

Zechariah 8

Zec 8:1

Zec 8: “The prophetic vision of Zechariah continues with a further voice from heaven. Yahweh declares that the evidence of present blessings foreshadow future ones. The chapter concerns the glory of Jerusalem. So the prophet declares: [1] A full restoration to Jerusalem is promised: vv 1-8. [2] Encouragement to the faithful for current difficulties: vv 9-13. [3] The exhortation: ‘Fear not!’: vv 14,15. [4] Yahweh’s requirements of His people: vv 16,17. [5] Previous fasts become joyful festivities: vv 18,19. [6] Typical of the future blessings of the Kingdom: vv 20-23.

Notice the divine Titles of the Lord’s redemptive work revealed in this chapter: ‘I will save’ (vv 7, 13: Yahshua; Jesus). ‘I will dwell’ (v 3; from shakhan, the basis of the Hebrew ‘shekinah’, the glory indwelling. see John 1:14). ‘I will be’ (v 8: the Heb ‘ehyeh’, the memorial Name). ‘God with us’ (v 23; Heb ‘Immanuel’)” (GEM).

Zec 8 not only contains two major messages from the Lord (vv 1-17, 18-23) but 10 minor messages, “a decalogue of divine words” (Leupold), that make up the two major ones. “Thus says the Lord” introduces each of these minor messages (vv 2, 3, 4-5, 6, 7-8, 9-13, 14-18, 19, 20-22, 23).

“In the preceding section [Zec 7] Israel was to repent and live righteously after the punishment of her captivity; here [in Zec 8] she is to repent and live righteously because of the promise of her future restoration” (EBC).

The whole chapter presents Israel’s eventual restoration and participation in full millennial blessing. The restoration from exile in Zechariah’s day was only a precursor of greater future blessing and prosperity.

“Of a total of 36 occurrences of ‘YHWH of hosts’ in Zechariah, 15 are in this one oracle [Zec 8], the highest concentration of the phrase in the OT with the possible exception of Malachi. Even more remarkable, it occurs six times in the present passage alone [8:1-8], a passage that focuses narrowly on eschatological restoration. So humanly impossible will that be, it can come to pass only by the resources of the Almighty One” (Merrill).

Zec 8:2

I AM VERY JEALOUS FOR ZION; I AM BURNING WITH JEALOUSY FOR HER: Almighty Yahweh had revealed that He was very jealous for the exclusive love and commitment of His people (cp Zec 1:14). His loving jealousy burned within Him (cp also Jer 31:3; Mal 3:6; Deu 11:12; Psa 132:13,14).

“YHWH is a ‘jealous God’ (Exo 20:5), one who tolerates no rivals real or imaginary and who is zealous to protect His uniqueness and maintain the allegiance of His people to Himself alone. He is also jealous for His people, that is, He is protective of them against all who would challenge them or claim to be elect alongside them. Therefore, He is zealous to safeguard their interests and come to their defense” (Merrill).

“The zeal with which God had carried through His chastisement of Israel and then of the nations (Zec 1:15,21) was now burning to restore the covenant bond” (Baldwin).

Zec 8:3

I WILL RETURN TO ZION AND DWELL IN JERUSALEM… THE CITY OF TRUTH… THE HOLY MOUNTAIN: Cp Zec 1:16; 2:10; 14:20,21. Finally the recurring cycle of apostasy followed by punishment would end.

“Jerusalem did not acquire this character in the period after the captivity, in which, though not defiled by gross idolatry, as in the times before the captivity, it was polluted by other moral abominations no less than it had been before. Jerusalem [will become] a faithful city for the first time through the Messiah, and it is through Him that the temple mountain first really becomes the holy mountain” (KD).

THE CITY OF TRUTH: Jerusalem will become the center from which will emanate divine truth to all the world: Zep 3:15; Jer 3:17; 31:23; Isa 1:24-27; 26:1-3.

THE HOLY MOUNTAIN: See Isa 2:2-4; Eze 43:12.

Zec 8:4

Vv 4,5: Then the elderly would feel secure enough to sit in the open streets again, and children would again play in the streets because they would be safe. During the destruction of Jerusalem both of these groups of Israelites had suffered greatly (Lam 2:21). In other words, Jerusalem would become a place of tranquillity, long life, peace, prosperity, and security for even the most defenseless of her citizens (cp Isa 65:20-25). These conditions await the return of Jesus Christ at His second coming.

Zec 8:6

IT MAY SEEM MARVELOUS TO THE REMNANT OF THIS PEOPLE AT THAT TIME, BUT WILL IT SEEM MARVELOUS TO ME?: At that time, it will be beyond mere human power to solve the “problem” of Israel. But Yahweh’s power will be adequate for the purpose: Eze 37:25-28; Mic 7:15-20.

Zec 8:7

Vv 7,8: God will save His people from the distant places in the world where He had scattered them and to bring them back to live in Jerusalem (cp Isa 11:11,12; Jer 30:7-11; 31:7,8). There they would enjoy intimacy with Him, a relationship marked by truth and righteousness. This future Exodus depended on Yahweh’s electing grace and His covenant faithfulness just as much as the original Exodus did.

” ‘They will be my people, and I will be… their God’ is covenant terminology, pertaining to intimate fellowship in a covenant relationship (cp Gen 17:7,8; Exod 6:7; 19:5,6; 29:45.46; Lev 11:45; 22:33; 25:38; 26:12,44,45; Num 15:41; Deut 4:20; 29:12,13; Jer 31:33; 32:38; Ezek 37:27; 2Co 6:16; Rev 21:3)” (EBC).

Zec 8:9

The LORD also told the people to gain strength from the words of the prophets who had encouraged them to complete the rebuilding of the temple ever since they began the project (cp Jos 7:11; 2Sa 2:7; 16:21; Hag 2:4). These prophets were Haggai, Zechariah, and perhaps others (Ezra 5:1,2). Probably the resumption of construction in 520 BC (Hag 2:18) is in view rather than the restoration of the foundation in 536 BC (Ezra 3:8). Between these dates the people seem to have done little work on the temple, esp between 530 and 520 BC.

Zec 8:10

Before the returnees began to rebuild in earnest, there was severe unemployment, so there were no wages for many of the people (cp Hag 1:6). Even the animals were not earning their keep. There was also no peace because the enemies of the Jews oppressed them (cp Ezra 4:1-5; Hag 1:6-11; 2:15-19).

Zec 8:11

Yahweh promised to treat the remnant of His people differently in the future than He had in the past (cp Hag 2:19) — this is explained beginning in v 12.

Zec 8:12

The LORD promised to treat the remnant of His people differently in the future than He had in the past (cp Hag 2:19). Peace would prevail for the people as they sowed their seed, their fields would become productive (cp Hag 2:19), there would be abundant moisture so things would grow (cp Hag 1:10,11), and the remnant would enjoy the fruits of all these blessings. These were some of the things God had promised the Israelites for covenant obedience (Lev 26:3-10; Deu 28:11,12; cp Eze 34:25-27).

Zec 8:13

AS YOU HAVE BEEN AN OBJECT OF CURSING AMONG THE NATIONS: Cp Deu 28:15-68; Jer 24:9; 25:18; 29:22.

SO WILL I SAVE YOU, AND YOU WILL BE A BLESSING: The national redemption of Israel will be a blessing that will filter through the Jews and ultimately affect for the better all nations on earth: Jer 3:17; Isa 2:2-4; Psa 68:29; Psa 72.

DO NOT BE AFRAID, BUT LET YOUR HANDS BE STRONG: One of the purposes of these promises was to remove the Jews’ present fear and to give them strength to complete the temple. “Let your hands be strong” is also the exhortation that frames this sixth message of encouragement (cp v 9).

Zec 8:14

Vv 14,15: Yahweh of armies also promised that just as He had purposed to bring His people into difficult times because of their forefathers’ sins (cp Jer 4:28; 51:12; Lam 2:17), so He would bless Jerusalem in the near future. Covenant disobedience had brought divine discipline, but covenant obedience would bring divine blessing. As He had not relented from bringing the first promise to pass, so He would not go back on the second promise. His determination was equally strong in both instances. Therefore the people should not fear (cp v 13).

Zec 8:16

Vv 16,17: Vv 14,15 explain GOD’s part in the people’s immediate restoration, and vv 16,17 explain THEIRS. “The LORD had determined to do good to Jerusalem instead of the evil He had given them because of their wickedness. But to ensure that the good He gave them was going to continue, there were four small but challenging things He asked them to do: (1) Speak the truth to each other. Grumbling behind each other’s backs, misleading people, gossip and lies seem to be the normal standard of speech for the world today. But it must be different for us. The NT adds to this instruction when it tells us to ‘speak the truth in love.’ (2) Render true and sound judgement in your courts. ‘The truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.’ This phrase and swearing on the Bible do not mean what they used to. But we must do our part to be true. (3) Do not plot evil against your neighbour. Climbing the corporate ladder and getting rid of neighbourly nuisances are both ways we can be sucked into plotting evil. Be kind and compassionate instead. (4) Do not love to swear falsely. Instead we must delight in doing what is right and just.

“Do these things and be well on the way to being pleasing to the LORD” (RP).

Zec 8:18

Vv 18-23: The joy and blessings of the Kingdom: This final portion of this section (Zec 7; 8) returns full circle to the theme with which it began, namely the people’s concern about fasting (cp Zec 7:1-7). These messages began after a few Bethelites came to Jerusalem (Zec 7:2-7), and they ended with the promise that multitudes of Gentiles representing all languages would come to Jerusalem. The fasting of the past would become feasting in the future.

Zec 8:19

THE FASTS OF THE FOURTH, FIFTH, SEVENTH AND TENTH MONTHS WILL BECOME JOYFUL AND GLAD OCCASIONS AND HAPPY FESTIVALS FOR JUDAH: Zechariah received another message from the LORD Almighty. He promised that in the future the sorrowful fasts that the Jews had observed in captivity would give way to joyful feasts. Thus at the end of this section of messages on hypocritical fasting (Zec 7; 8), the LORD provided at least a partial answer to the question that the messengers from Bethel had asked about the traditional fasts (Zec 7:3). In addition to the fasts in the fifth and seventh months (Zec 7:3,5), the exiles also had commemorated the breaching of the walls of Jerusalem (2Ki 25:3-4; Jer 39:2) in the fourth month and the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem (2Ki 25:1; Eze 24:2) in the tenth month.

“The manifestation of the kingdom will be attended by such a fulness of salvation that Judah will forget to commemorate the former mournful events and will only have occasion to rejoice in the benefits of grace bestowed by God” (Unger).

THEREFORE LOVE TRUTH AND PEACE: The immediate practical application of this revelation was that the people should love truth and peace (cp Lev 19:18,34; Deu 6:5; Psa 31:23; Amos 5:15). They could value these ideals in the present because they were sure to come in the future. Before mourning could become joy for them, the returnees would need to love truth and peace.

Zec 8:21

Vv 21,22: The LORD foretold that people from one of the world’s cities would contact people from another of these cities and would plan to go up to Jerusalem immediately to worship the LORD (cp Zec 7:2). They would do this eagerly, not out of a sense of duty or obligation (cp Zec 2:11; Isa 2:1-5; Mic 4:1-5). (This appears to be voluntary service, as distinct from the compulsory service described in Zech 14:16.) Many people representing many nations from around the world would come to Jerusalem to pray and worship Yahweh Almighty.

“Jerusalem is no longer viewed simply as the heart of Judaism but as the centre of God’s dealings with all nations, and as a glorious realization of the ancient promise given to Abraham (cp Gen 12:3)” (Ellis).

“With the Davidic kingdom established, Israel will be a medium of blessing to the entire globe” (Unger).

Zec 8:22

MANY PEOPLES AND POWERFUL NATIONS WILL COME TO JERUSALEM TO SEEK THE LORD ALMIGHTY: Cp Jer 3:17; Isa 2:3. This can happen only on the earth. Gentiles taken out of many nations: Acts 15:17. The Kingdom of God to be worldwide: Psa 2:6-12; 72:8; Zech 14:19; Mal 1:11.

Zec 8:23

“V 23 is a prophecy of the future redemption through Israel. Significantly, the Gentiles will take hold of the skirt of the Jews, as did the woman bowed down with infirmity, who touched the hem of the Lord’s garment — the ribband of blue which speaks of God manifestation in glory. That ribband represents the Word of Yahweh, in whose ‘circle’ or hem we must remain. In this v Zechariah divides the nations philologically whilst Daniel does so politically (Dan 2). It is claimed by FF Bruce that there are ten distinct groups of languages in use today among the Indo-Europeans. The use of the word ‘language’ in this verse implies men will use Hebrew, being subject to Christ not only politically, but in thought and speech (cp Zep 3:9)” (GEM).

“As we have seen before, there are allusions to Daniel’s prophecy in the message of Zechariah. It may be that the reference to ‘ten men,’ while having a general reference of completeness, as the ten fingers provide a basis for enumeration, has also a hint of the ten kingdoms which are the final phase of the kingdom of men. It is difficult to imagine a greater reversal in the sentiments of men, when because a man is a Jew they will say, ‘We will go with you, for we have heard that God is with you.’ ‘Am I a Jew?’ Pilate once said in disdain; and repeatedly men have scorned the chosen race. There may truly be a want of attractiveness about many of them, there may be pride and stubbornness of heart; but the words stand that they are ‘beloved for the fathers’ sakes’ ” (PAE 92).

This is more than a general description of the favor to be shown to Jews in the days of the Kingdom. In the most perfect sense, the single “Jew” described here in Christ. Just as the woman with the issue of blood took hold of the hem of his garment and was healed (Luk 8:44), so will people — men and women — out of ALL nations do the same. In the ribband of blue on the fringe of his robes, there is to be found ultimate spiritual healing for the greatest of all ills — sin and death!

TEN: In this case, as in many others, 10 is a round number suggesting completeness (cp Gen 31:7; Lev 26:26; Jdg 17:10; Rth 4:2; 1Sa 1:8; Jer 41:8).

WE HAVE HEARD THAT GOD IS WITH YOU: Or, “we have heard… Immanuel (God is with us)!”

Zechariah 9

Zec 9:1

Zec 9 — 14: Oracles about the Messiah and Israel’s future: This part of Zechariah contains two undated oracles that are almost entirely Last Days-oriented. The phrase “on that day” occurs 18 times and points to the distant future, as is clear from their contexts. The centerpiece of this section is the messianic King who will appear and bring both judgment and blessing.

“Just as the eight night visions (Zec 1 — 6) and prophecies springing out of the question of the national fasts (Zec 7; 8) all have their fulfillment in events leading up to and into the kingdom (without an exception), so Zec 9 — 14 likewise comprehend the same great Messianic future of Israel” (Unger).

“One must admit that once he begins a careful study of Zec 9 — 14 he is immediately made aware of the change of mood, outlook, style, and composition of this part of the book compared to the first eight chapters… the prophet in this section has entered another realm of thought and perspective, much as did Isaiah in the latter part (Isa 40 — 66) of his work… The perspective… is primarily eschatological, it lacks any indisputable connection to contemporary persons or events, and it is dominated by cryptic allusions to cosmic, redemptive, and messianic themes that have no accompanying interpretation, contrary to the case in Zec 1 — 8. In short, the prophet has broken free of the mold in which he cast the material of the first part and has created a new form in which to express the grand and glorious ideas that permeate his thinking in the second part” (Merrill).

“The last six chapters are very different. Gone are the bold outlines, and instead there are enigmatic references to enemies of former days, grim battles, betrayal, bitter weeping, interspersed with assurances of peace, prosperity and ultimate victory. It is probably with these chapters in mind that Jerome wrote, ‘…that most obscure book of the prophet Zechariah…’ Obscure though it is in places, Zec 9 — 14 is the most quoted section of the prophets in the passion narratives of the Gospels and, next to Ezekiel, Zechariah has influenced the author of Rev more than any other OT writer” (Baldwin).

Zec 9 — 11: “In the first [burden] (Zec 9 — 11), the judgment through which Gentile world-power over Israel is finally destroyed, and Israel is endowed with strength to overcome all their enemies, forms the fundamental thought and centre of gravity of the prophetic description. In the second [burden] (Zec 12 — 14), the judgment through which Israel itself is sifted and purged in the final great conflict with the nations, and transformed into the holy nation of Jehovah, forms the leading topic” (Baron).

Zec 9: The coming of the true king.

THE WORD OF THE LORD: More literal, as KJV, “the BURDEN of the word of the LORD.” “Burden” is Heb “massa” — a heavy weight of pronouncement.

HADRACH: Hatarikka, near Hamath.

DAMASCUS: The capital of Aramea, still farther south.

FOR THE EYES OF MEN AND ALL THE TRIBES OF ISRAEL ARE ON THE LORD: This revelation concerned a time when all the people of the world, especially the Israelites, would be looking toward Yahweh. [Some translators (cp the NIV mg) believed the text means that the LORD has His eye on all people as He does on the tribes of Israel.] As history would show, this was when Alexander the Great was rapidly moving south toward Egypt after defeating the Persians at Issus in 333 BC. The whole world was worried about what he would do next, especially the residents of the cities of Palestine that lay in his path. All these people would have their eyes on Alexander, but he was only the LORD’s instrument, so Zechariah could say that they were really looking to Yahweh. The nations would have done so unwittingly, but Israel would have looked to Him for protection.

Zec 9:2

HAMATH: A city and a state (Isa 11:11; Jer 39:5; Zec 9:2) in Syria, located just north of the ideal boundary of Israel (Num 13:21; 34:8; Jos 13:5). The present site of the city, Hama on the Nahr el-Asi (the ancient Orontes), was excavated in 1932-38.

TYRE AND SIDON: Phoenician cities between Aramea and Israel (cp Eze 26:3-14; 28:20-24).

The order of these cities in the text is from north to south. Earlier prophets had seen enemies invading Israel from the north (Isa 41:25; Jer 1:14,15; Eze 26:7), but now Yahweh would take the same route destroying Israel’s enemies as He came.

“Originally the Mediterranean coast had been designated Israel’s territory (Num 34:5,6) and yet it had never been possessed by Israel. Now at last the LORD will claim it” (Baldwin).

Zec 9:3

TYRE HAS BUILT HERSELF A STRONGHOLD; SHE HAS HEAPED UP SILVER LIKE DUST, AND GOLD LIKE THE DIRT OF THE STREETS: Tyre had trusted in physical fortifications for her defense and in stockpiles of silver and gold for her security. She had built a 150-foot high wall around the city, which stood on an island just offshore following Nebuchadnezzar’s earlier unsuccessful 13-year siege (cp Isa 23:4; Eze 29:18), and she had gained great wealth through commerce.

Zec 9:4

BUT THE LORD WILL TAKE AWAY HER POSSESSIONS AND DESTROY HER POWER ON THE SEA, AND SHE WILL BE CONSUMED BY FIRE: Nevertheless the LORD would dispossess Tyre and displace her wealth — casting it into the Mediterranean Sea. The parts of the city that would not go down into the water would go up in flames. Alexander destroyed Tyre by building a causeway from the mainland to the island city and leveling it.

Zec 9:5

Vv 5,6: The Philistine cities farther south along the Mediterranean coast would observe Tyre’s fate and fear, especially Ekron, the northernmost of the four cities mentioned. God would also destroy these cities and populate them with a mixed group of citizens. Thus He would humble the pride of the Philistines. This too happened when Alexander swept south.

There were 5 major Philistine cities (1Sa 6:17; Josh 13:3), but in later days the prophets carefully leave Gath out of the picture (Amo 1:6-8; Zeph 2:4; Jer 25:20; Zech 9:5,6). Why? Uzziah, in his war against the Philistines, smashed up Gath, Jabneh and Ashdod (2Ch 26:6). The last of these was evidently strategic enough to warrant rebuilding (Isa 20:1), but the other two disappeared from history — and from prophecy also.

Zec 9:6

PHILISTINES: See Lesson, Philistia in prophecy.

Zec 9:7

I WILL TAKE THE BLOOD FROM THEIR MOUTHS, THE FORBIDDEN FOOD FROM BETWEEN THEIR TEETH: The blood these pagans ate was forbidden in Israel — along with the unclean, detestable food. This was all part of Philistine pagan worship (cp Isa 65:4; 66:3,17), so the judgment in view included punishment for idolatry.

THOSE WHO ARE LEFT WILL BELONG TO OUR GOD AND BECOME LEADERS IN JUDAH: Some remaining Philistines would turn to the LORD and become like the Israelites in their faith in Yahweh.

AND EKRON WILL BE LIKE THE JEBUSITES: As the Jebusites became incorporated into Israel in David’s day (cp 2Sa 24:16; 1Ch 21:18), so would the Philistines in the future from Zechariah’s viewpoint.

Zec 9:8

BUT I WILL DEFEND MY HOUSE AGAINST MARAUDING FORCES. NEVER AGAIN WILL AN OPPRESSOR OVERRUN MY PEOPLE, FOR NOW I AM KEEPING WATCH: The LORD promised to protect His people and land as with a band of soldiers since enemies would oppose them. No enemy would oppress them ever again because the LORD had seen the plight of His people and would defend them (cp Zec 4:10; Exo 3:7; Psa 32:8). This promise of no more oppression anticipates the second advent of Messiah.

“For their preservation at the time of Alexander and for their future deliverance from every oppressor, Israel is indebted to the providence of God which watched over them for good” (Unger). This section is a prophetic description of Yahweh’s march from the north, using Alexander the Great as His instrument, destroying Gentiles nations but preserving the Jews.

“As history shows, the agent of the LORD’s judgment was Alexander the Great. After defeating the Persians (333 BC), Alexander moved swiftly toward Egypt. On his march he toppled the cities in the Aramean (Syrian) interior, as well as those on the Mediterranean coast. Yet, on coming to Jerusalem, he refused to destroy it” (EBC).

“The first section of this… part of the book establishes from the start two important facts: the LORD’s victory is certain, and he intends to bring back to Himself peoples long alienated from Him. These truths underlie all that follows and culminate in the universal worship of the King, the LORD of hosts, in Zec 14:16-19” (Baldwin).

Zec 9:9

Vv 9,10: This is one of the most significant passages of all the Bible, as regards Messianic prophecy — in both the Jewish and Christian traditions. Judaism sees in it a basis for a royal messianic expectation, whereas the NT and Christianity see a prophecy of the triumphal entry of Jesus Christ into Jerusalem on the Sunday before his crucifixion (Mat 21:4,5; Mark 11:1-10; John 12:15). Thus, though the fulfillment may be in dispute, there is unanimous conviction that a descendant of David is depicted here, one who, though humble, rides as a victor into his capital city Jerusalem. The way will have been prepared by the imposition of universal peace, following which the king will exercise dominion over the whole world.

“We have pictured for us : (1) the Agent of peace, (2) the method of peace, and (3) the kingdom of peace” (Feinberg).

An amplification of the earlier prophecy in Zep 3:14-17: “Sing, O Daughter of Zion; shout aloud, O Israel! Be glad and rejoice with all your heart, O Daughter of Jerusalem! The LORD has taken away your punishment, he has turned back your enemy. The LORD, the King of Israel, is with you; never again will you fear any harm. On that day they will say to Jerusalem, ‘Do not fear, O Zion; do not let your hands hang limp. The LORD your God is with you, he is mighty to save. He will take great delight in you, he will quiet you with his love, he will rejoice over you with singing.’ “

DAUGHTER OF JERUSALEM: A phrase used almost exclusively in the context of deliverance from the enemy (2Ki 19:21; Isa 37:22; Lam 2:13,15; Mic 4:8; Zeph 3:14; Zech 9:9).

RIGHTEOUS AND HAVING SALVATION: A sinless saviour of men, at the same time being a partaker himself of the salvation which he brings to others.

GENTILE AND RIDING ON A DONKEY, ON A COLT, THE FOAL OF A DONKEY: He would, therefore, be humble. Zechariah pictured this humble king riding on a gentle donkey colt (cp Gen 49:11; Mat 21:1-9; Mark 11:1-10; Luke 19:28-38; John 12:12-15). In the ANE rulers commonly rode donkeys if they came in peace (Jdg 5:10; 10:4; 12:14; 2Sa 16:2; 1Ki 1:33), but they rode horses into war.

Zec 9:10

CHARIOTS… WAR-HORSES… BATTLE BOW: Essentially the whole arsenal of war: cp Isa 2:4; Mic 4:3.

HE WILL PROCLAIM PEACE TO THE NATIONS: The LORD would end war in Israel and would establish peace in the world with His sovereign proclamation (cp Isa 2:4; 9:5-7; 11:1-10; Mic 5:10-15). Note the worldwide extent of Messiah’s kingdom predicted here. This part of the prophecy has, of course, not happened yet — it pertains to the Second Coming.

HIS RULE WILL EXTEND FROM SEA TO SEA AND FROM THE RIVER TO THE ENDS OF THE EARTH: His dominion would be universal, in Middle Eastern terms at least, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf, and from the Euphrates River in the north to the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula (“the ends of the earth”): cp Psa 72:8-11; Isa 66:18). In both of these verses, Messiah contrasts with Alexander the Great, the king who initially fulfilled vv 1-8.

There is a clear difference in tone or emphasis between v 9 and v 10. In v 9 the coming one, designated king to be sure, nevertheless is described as “humble” or “lowly” — a most inappropriate way to speak of one whose triumph is complete in every respect. Only in v 10 is that triumph translated into universal dominion. The lowly one of v 9, though victorious in some sense, does not achieve the fruits of that victory until v 10. (This ambiguity evidently led the Qumran sect, for example, to postulate two separate Messiahs: one a pious and righteous teacher, and the other a great and powerful conquering general.)

Zec 9:11

Vv 11-17: The deliverance and blessing of Zion’s people: Before Messiah can reign in peace, He must destroy all enemies and deliver and restore His people (cp Psa 110).

BECAUSE OF THE BLOOD OF MY COVENANT WITH YOU: Blood sacrifices ratified the Abrahamic Covenant (Gen 15:9-11) and reaffirmed the Mosaic Covenant (Exo 24:3-8; 29:38-46; cp Mark 14:24).

I WILL FREE YOUR PRISONERS FROM THE WATERLESS PIT: The LORD promised to set free those of them whom their enemies would hold prisoner. He pictured this as taking them out of a dry cistern where they were captives, like Joseph and Jeremiah (Gen 37:24; Jer 38:6-9).

“God’s people had been in the ‘pit’ of Babylonian exile, but they would find themselves in a worse predicament in the end of the age. From that pit God would again retrieve them according to His faithfulness to His covenant promises” (Merrill).

(NT) In like manner will true sons of Zion be liberated from the final bondage of death (Hos 13:14; 1Co 15:55,56).

Zec 9:12

RETURN TO YOUR FORTRESS, O PRISONERS OF HOPE: The LORD called these former Israelite prisoners of the nations who were now free to return to their Stronghold, namely Himself (cp Psa 18:2; 31:3; 71:3; 91:2; 144:2; Pro 18:10; Jer 16:19; Nah 1:7).

I WILL RESTORE TWICE AS MUCH TO YOU: He Himself promised to restore to them double of what He had allowed their enemy to take from them (cp Job 42:10). A double restoration of joy pictures a complete restoration (cp Isa 40:2; 51:19; 61:7).

It was also the firstborn who received a double portion (Deu 21:17), and Israel is — and will be — the firstborn nation of God (Exo 4:22).

Furthermore, Jesus — and those who embrace his hope — become a spiritual “firstborn” of God: see Heb 12:23; Jam 1:18; Rom 9:6,7; Rev 14:4.

Zec 9:13

Vv 13,14: Yahweh, as the divine Warrior, would use Israel as a weapon to subdue the Gentiles. Judah would be His bow, and Ephraim would be His arrow. He was in complete command of Israel’s affairs. He would come against the nations like an army called to advance with a trumpet and like a strong southern storm (cp Exo 24:9,10, 15, 18). This verse saw initial, partial fulfillment when the Jews overthrew the Greeks during the Maccabean revolts in the second century BC. But final, complete fulfillment awaits Messiah’s second coming.

Zec 9:14

HIS ARROW WILL FLASH LIKE LIGHTNING: “An arrow is an instrument of death, and requires a bow for its projection, strong and well strung, to give the arrow the velocity and deadliness of lightning. Now the prophets tell us that Judah, Ephraim, and the resurrected Sons of Zion, are Yahweh’s bow and arrow, battle axe and sword. But before they are developed in this character, they are ‘prisoners of hope in the pit where no water is’ [Zec 9:11: no water…] of life, physical or national. They must, therefore, become the subject of a personal and political resurrection; those who are dead in the grave, of a personal; and Judah and Ephraim dispersed among the nations, politically dead and buried there, of a national resurrection, ‘standing upon their feet an exceeding great army’ ready for action, as the result” (Phan 124,125).

Of course, it may be that the “Judah” and “Ephraim” here are also resurrected and glorified saints, of Israel!

Zec 9:15

THEY WILL BE LIKE A BOWL USED FOR SPRINKLING THE CORNERS OF THE ALTAR: In other words, the death of these enemies of Israel would be like a sacrifice to Yahweh (cp idea, Eze 39:17).

Zec 9:16

THE LORD THEIR GOD WILL SAVE THEM ON THAT DAY AS THE FLOCK OF HIS PEOPLE: The Israelites would experience deliverance and victory, like a flock of sheep protected by their Shepherd.

THEY WILL SPARKLE IN HIS LAND LIKE JEWELS IN A CROWN: They would be precious and beautiful in the LORD’s land, as jewels in a crown as they circled Jerusalem’s hills (cp Mal 3:16,17).

Zec 9:17

GRAIN… NEW WINE: Sym prosperity and truth: Deu 33:28; Psa 4:7; Isa 55:1.

Zechariah 10

Zec 10:1

Zec 10: The restoration of the true people: The first part of this oracle focused particularly on the true King who would come and exercise sovereignty over the nations (Zec 9). Now the emphasis changes to the people of the King, the Israelites, who will return to the Promised Land and rule with the King (Zec 10). Like the revelation in Zec 9, this chapter also has a near and a far fulfillment, the near being the revival of Israel’s power under Judas Maccabeus in the second century BC and the far being the return and reign of Messiah.

“Zec 9 presents the victory of God’s people from the positive side for the most part, showing how the true Israel shall be made strong by the LORD and shall prevail. Without abandoning this point of view, Zec 10 brings greater emphasis to bear upon the negative side of the victory, namely, how the enemies shall be brought low. Yet particular stress is at the same time laid upon the gathering of the scattered Israelites” (Leupold).

ASK THE LORD FOR RAIN IN THE SPRINGTIME; IT IS THE LORD WHO MAKES THE STORM CLOUDS, HE GIVES SHOWERS OF RAIN TO MEN, AND PLANTS OF THE FIELD TO EVERYONE: Cp Zec 9:11; Deu 11:13,14; 32:1,2. Asking Him is only reasonable since He is the One who creates storm clouds. The Canaanites gave credit to Baal for sending rain and producing fertility, but Yahweh was the true rain-maker (cp Jer 14:22; Amos 5:8). Since rain is often a symbol of many types of blessing in the OT, spiritual as well as physical blessing is probably in view here (cp Isa 55:10-12; Hos 6:1-3; Joel 2:21-32).

RAIN IN THE SPRINGTIME: More lit, “the latter rain” (as AV).

STORM CLOUDS: “Bright clouds” (AV). That is, clouds with lightning (AV mg) — signaling rain (Jer 10:13; Psa 135:7; Eze 11:19).

Zec 10:2

THE IDOLS SPEAK DECEIT, DIVINERS SEE VISIONS THAT LIE; THEY TELL DREAMS THAT ARE FALSE, THEY GIVE COMFORT IN VAIN: These were household idols (cp Gen 31:19,34; Jdg 17:5; 18:5; 1Sa 15:23; Eze 21:21; Hos 3:4), which only led people into iniquity, and diviners or fortune-tellers who saw misleading visions and dreams (cp Deu 18:9-14; Jer 23:30-32; 27:9,10). Their comfort was worthless.

A modern parallel is the renewed interest in magic, good-luck charms, spiritism, horoscopes, and other survivals of primitive times. The even more widespread modern equivalent is to ignore God altogether and blithely assume that no problem is beyond man’s unaided power to solve.

THEREFORE THE PEOPLE WANDER LIKE SHEEP OPPRESSED FOR LACK OF A SHEPHERD: Consequently the people who rely on these false indicators of God’s will wander like shepherdless sheep and experience much needless trouble (cp Eze 34:5; ct Eze 34:23; cp also John 10:1,8; Mark 6:34).

“In Zechariah’s days the leaders of the people led them in any direction they could, as long as they did not lead them in the direction of God… It is exactly the same for the people of our day. Governments allow us free speech to speak out for any cause we like — we can take up the cause for witchcraft, homosexuality, abortion or any other topic we fancy — unless it happens to be Christianity. If we speak about Christ or try to turn people back to God we are labelled as brainwashing and trying to influence people against their will. No longer is the Bible read at school or prayers offered as governments prepare to discuss legislation. God has been kicked out of the lives of the people. So it is up to us, who still know God, to be leaders — even against the opposition — to lead people to God. In doing so we will save ourselves and, with God’s blessing, those who follow us” (RP).

Zec 10:3

MY ANGER BURNS AGAINST THE SHEPHERDS, AND I WILL PUNISH THE LEADERS: The LORD was angry with these false shepherds (rulers, ie, kings, princes, nobles, prophets, and priests) and the other leaders who led His sheep astray like rams (cp 1Sa 28:3-7; 1Ki 16:31; 22:6-12; 2Ki 1:2; 16:15; 21:6; Jer 50:8; Eze 34:2,17). (More broadly, the foreign rulers under whom Israel was forced to live might also be included here.)

THE LORD ALMIGHTY WILL CARE FOR HIS FLOCK, THE HOUSE OF JUDAH, AND MAKE THEM LIKE A PROUD HORSE IN BATTLE: In other words, He would empower the Israelites — this would involve disciplining and humbling, as well as cleansing (cp Zec 12:10; 13:1,9). The weak sheep would become as strong as horses. The battle of Armageddon is probably in view (cp Zec 12:1-9; 14:1-8; cp Rev 19:11-14; Zec 1:8; 6:2-8).

Zec 10:4

FROM JUDAH WILL COME THE CORNERSTONE: That is, the cornerstone of the building (kingdom) that God would build, namely Messiah (cp Zec 3:9; Gen 49:10; Psa 118:22; Isa 28:16; Jer 30:21; Acts 4:11; Eph 2:20; 1Pe 2:1-8). The cornerstone (Heb “pinnah”) was a figure of a leader who would stabilize a nation and keep it from sliding down a slippery slope (cp Jdg 20:2; 1Sa 14:38; Isa 19:13).

FROM HIM THE TENT PEG: Messiah would also be like a tent peg (Heb “yathed”) in that he would hold the tent (kingdom) firmly in place (cp Jdg 4:21-22; Isa 22:23,24; Acts 15:16). The Heb word also describes a peg INSIDE a tent on which people hung beautiful things that glorified their homes (cp Ezra 9:8; Zec 6:13; Isa 22:22-25; Eze 15:3).

FROM HIM THE BATTLE BOW: Messiah would also be Yahweh’s bow by which He would destroy His enemies (cp Zec 9:13; Psa 45:5; 64:7; Rev 19:11-16).

FROM HIM EVERY RULER: If understood negatively, this would mean that from the house of Judah would DEPART every oppressing ruler (Heb “noges”: cp Zec 9:8; Exo 3:7; Isa 3:12; 14:2; 60:17; Dan 11:20). If understood positively, this would refer to the glorified saints, the King-rulers with Christ in the Age to come: Rev 5:9,10.

Zec 10:5

TOGETHER THEY WILL BE LIKE MIGHTY MEN TRAMPLING THE MUDDLE STREETS IN BATTLE. BECAUSE THE LORD IS WITH THEM, THEY WILL FIGHT AND OVERTHROW THE HORSEMEN: They will be like David’s mighty men. They will subdue the LORD’s enemies in battle successfully because Yahweh will be with them. The opposing adversaries would be defeated and shamed even though they fought from positions of strength. The LORD’s infantry would defeat the world’s apparently superior cavalry.

MIGHTY MEN: Heb “gibborim”: sw Isa 9:6.

Zec 10:6

I WILL STRENGTHEN THE HOUSE OF JUDAH AND SAVE THE HOUSE OF JOSEPH: Ref the former Northern and Southern Kingdoms.

I WILL RESTORE THEM BECAUSE I HAVE COMPASSION ON THEM: He would do this simply because He had compassion on them, not because they deserved His blessing.

THEY WILL BE AS THOUGH I HAD NOT REJECTED THEM, FOR I AM THE LORD THEIR GOD: He would restore the Israelites to a condition similar to the one they enjoyed before He sent them into captivity — this restoration will include sovereignty within their own homeland. He would do this because He is Yahweh, their God, who has made covenant promises to their forefathers.

AND I WILL ANSWER THEM: He would answer their prayers for His help. This implies their conversion, not just nationally but individually (see Zec 13:1-4; Rom 11:23; Mic 7:18-20).

Zec 10:7

THEIR HEARTS WILL REJOICE IN THE LORD: Again, this implies conversion (cp Eze 20:37,38; 37:26; Psa 32:11; Phi 4:4).

Zec 10:8

I WILL SIGNAL FOR THEM AND GATHER THEM IN. SURELY I WILL REDEEM THEM: The LORD, the true shepherd of His flock, would simply call for them and His people would follow Him because He had redeemed them (Exo 12; Isa 35:10; Mic 6:4; John 10:11-16; 1Pe 1:18,19.

“Just as redemption… preceded the actual exodus escape from Egypt (Exo 2:24; 3:7,8; 4:22-23; 6:2-8), so it is on the basis of an already effected redemption that YHWH’s people will enter into the eschatological land of promise” (Merrill). This may imply that some at least of the Jews in Israel today will be taken out of their land and carried away in another captivity, which will culminate in their conversion and return (again) to the Land (cp Isa 11:11-16; 19:18-25; 27:12,13; etc).

SIGNAL: The KJV has “hiss”; the word may imply to blow a small pipe, or horn, or whistle — some suggest a rough bamboo reed was used by shepherds for this purpose.

Zec 10:9

THOUGH I SCATTER THEM AMONG THE PEOPLES, YET IN DISTANT LANDS THEY WILL REMEMBER ME. THEY AND THEIR CHILDREN WILL SURVIVE, AND THEY WILL RETURN: When the LORD scattered — or “sowed” — His people like seed among the other peoples of the world, they would remember Him even though they lived far from the Promised Land (cp John 12:24; 1Co 15:36). Not only would the LORD remember them (the meaning of Zechariah’s name), but they would remember Him. Through the work of “Elijah” (Mal 4), they and their children would enter into new life and return to the land. (“Sowing” implies reaping a harvest and so conveys hope: cp Psa 126:5,6.)

Zec 10:10

I WILL BRING THEM BACK FROM EGYPT AND GATHER THEM FROM ASSYRIA: Yahweh would bring the Israelites back from the land of Egypt to Israel’s south, where they had been slaves, and from the land of Assyria (or Babylon: see Lesson, Babylon = Assyria) to its north, where they had been exiles (cp Isa 11:11-16; 19:23; 27:12,13; Hos 11:10).

I WILL BRING THEM TO GILEAD AND LEBANON: He would bring them back into the fruitful Promised Land, into Gilead with its rich pastures east of the Jordan River and Lebanon with its mighty forests west of the Jordan. Again, the whole land is in view. Lebanon is referred to in the OT as a symbol of strength, dignity and splendor (eg, 2Ki 19:23; Isa 35:2), as are the mountains of Gilead. Hence the two are sometimes also mentioned together to denote power and pride (Jer 22:6). Here their combination may be intended to demonstrate the future power and glory of the Messianic kingdom of Israel.

AND THERE WILL NOT BE ROOM FOR THEM: Hyperbole: cp Mic 4:8; Isa 49:19-21; 54:2-3.

Zec 10:11

THEY WILL PASS THROUGH THE SEA OF TROUBLE; THE SURGING SEA WILL BE SUBDUED AND ALL THE DEPTHS OF THE NILE WILL DRY UP. ASSYRIA’S PRIDE WILL BE BROUGHT DOWN AND EGYPT’S SCEPTER WILL PASS AWAY: “They” is translated “he” in the KJV: if “they” is correct, this would be the nation in exile; if “he” is correct, it could refer to Christ or to “Elijah”, or to the “Angel of Yahweh’s presence” — who, like the pillar of fire and cloud — led Israel out of Egypt.

As they had done to the Red Sea when the Israelites left Egypt in the Exodus (and as Jesus did when He calmed the Sea of Galilee). (This may suggest a “baptism” in the Red Sea or the Euphrates — either nationally or individually — as in 1Co 10:2).

In addition, God would humble ALL Israel’s enemies, of which Egypt and Assyria were only representatives. The Gentile leaders of the world, symbolized by Egypt’s scepter, would no longer hold sway over Israel in the world.

Zec 10:12

I WILL STRENGTHEN THEM IN THE LORD: Implying the complete conversion of Israel after the flesh: Eze 36:26,27; Zec 13:9; Hos 2:23; 3:5; Rom 11:26.

AND IN HIS NAME THEY WILL WALK: The complete conversion of Israel will be recognized throughout the world — becoming a powerful testimony to all nations, and encouraging them to do the same (cp Zec 8:23; Jer 33:9).

Zechariah 11

Zec 11:1

Zec 11: The rejection of the true king: Zec 9; 10 present pictures of blessing and prosperity, but Zec 11 paints a scene of sin and punishment.

“Preceding the fulfillment of the prophecies of blessing are the apostasy of Israel and their rejection of the Good Shepherd, their Messiah, with the consequent visitation of God upon them in dire punishment” (Feinberg).

“The prophecy of Zechariah now portrays the Shepherd qualities of the leadership Yahweh gave to His people. But the people discarded Yahweh’s Shepherd, and selected their own shepherds. Thus the chapter reveals the true shepherd (v 4) as Zechariah, and the Lord Jesus; the false shepherd (v 5), Israel in the past; and the worthless shepherd (v 17), the Gentile overlords. It is a dramatic prophecy showing that the Good Shepherd would be rejected, and the flock scattered. We must wait until the next chapter to see the return of the Shepherd. Because the people did not heed the voice of Yahweh’s prophets, Zechariah declared that (1) The Jewish State would be overthrown (as in AD 70): vv 1-4. (2) The cause of the calamity demonstrated: vv 5,6. (3) Zechariah enacts the parable of the Good Shepherd: vv 7-14. (4) The worthless Shepherd: vv 15-17.

“It is without doubt a remarkable prophecy. Notice Zechariah refers to Yahweh as ‘my’ God (v 4). The Deity was not ‘their’ God, as they sought Him not. It was this prophecy that came alive at the crucifixion of the Lord Jesus, and the betrayal by Judas for the miserable ‘thirty pieces of silver’ (v 12). It was ironically called ‘a goodly price’ (v 13), as it was certainly not of the true value of the sacrifice. Peter more correctly declared the ‘blood of redemption’ was ‘precious’ (1Pe 1:19), beyond whatever man might offer” (GEM).

OPEN YOUR DOORS, O LEBANON, SO THAT FIRE MAY DEVOUR YOUR CEDARS!: The prophet announced in vigorous poetic language that Lebanon’s famous cedars would perish. The Israelites referred to the royal palace in Jerusalem as “Lebanon” because it contained so much cedar from Lebanon (Jer 22:23; cp 1Ki 7:2; cp also Isa 10:34). The Talmud spoke of the second temple as Lebanon for the same reason. The cedar also became a symbol of the royal house of Judah (Eze 17:3,4,12,13), esp the leaders of the nation (Isa 37:21-24; Eze 17:22-24).

Zec 11:2

WAIL, O PINE TREE, FOR THE CEDAR HAS FALLEN; THE STATELY TREES ARE RUINED! WAIL, OAKS OF BASHAN; THE DENSE FOREST HAS BEEN CUT DOWN!: Generally, trees often sym royalty (Jdg 9:7-15; Isa 10:33,34; Eze 31:3-18; Dan 4:10,23). Bashan was famous for its oak forests (cp Isa 2:13; Eze 27:6). Earlier Zechariah combined Lebanon and Bashan to indicate the whole land (Zec 10:10). All these trees suggest the people of the land as well as the land itself. A judgment that would affect the whole land of Palestine and all its people, including its rulers, is in view.

“When in the forest there is heard the crash of a falling oak, it is a sign that the woodman is abroad, and every tree in the whole company may tremble lest to-morrow the sharp edge of the axe should find it out. We are all like trees marked for the axe, and the fall of one should remind us that for every one, whether great as the cedar, or humble as the fir, the appointed hour is stealing on apace” (CHS).

Zec 11:3

LISTEN TO THE WAIL OF THE SHEPHERDS; THEIR RICH PASTURES ARE DESTROYED! LISTEN TO THE ROAR OF THE LIONS; THE LUSH THICKET OF THE JORDAN IS RUINED!: The shepherds and lions (the rulers and leaders of Israel, cp Jer 25:34-38) would wail because a coming destruction would leave no pasture for their flocks and no lairs or food for beasts.

In view of what follows in vv 4-14, vv 1-3 seem to be a description of the devastation of Palestine due to the rejection of the Messiah. This prediction had an initial fulfillment in the Roman destruction of Jerusalem and the scattering of the Jews in 70 AD. Its complete fulfillment, however, lies in the future, specifically the destruction that will overtake the land and its people in the last great tribulation period.

LUSH THICKET: Lit, the “splendor” (AV). The great expanse of greenery along the upper Jordan was considered its splendor.

Zec 11:4

Vv 4-14: The reason for the devastation of the people and the land just described now becomes apparent. It is the people’s rejection of the messianic Shepherd-King (cp Isa 42; 49; 50; 53). The LORD would graciously give His people another good leader (vv 4-6), but they would reject the good shepherd that He would provide for them (vv 7-14).

PASTURE THE FLOCK MARKED FOR SLAUGHTER: Zechariah seems to be acting out, as instructed, the role of shepherd over the flock of Israel. Why were they “marked out for slaughter”? Either: (1) marked out by God because of their rejection of Him, or His Son, or (2) marked out by the wicked “shepherds” for their own pleasure, greed, etc.

Zec 11:5

THE BUYERS SLAUGHTER THEM: Poss the “buyers” (and “slayers”) represent the foreign rulers who took over the Israelites, persecuted them, and had not paid the full penalty for their abusive treatment of them (Gen 12:3; cp Jer 50:7).

THOSE WHO SELL THEM: Those who sold the sheep were Israel’s former rulers and leaders who, by their sins, had set the people up for divine judgment by foreigners.

PRAISE THE LORD, I AM RICH: These “sellers” benefited by making merchandise of their “flocks”, and by handing them over into the hands of their Gentile oppressors (cp the words of Caiaphas in John 11:49,50).

Zec 11:6

I WILL HAND EVERYONE OVER TO HIS NEIGHBOR AND HIS KING: In the first instance, to the Babylonians. And in NT times, to Rome (cp John 19:15).

Zec 11:7

Zechariah proceeded to carry out his assignment from the LORD (v 4). He spoke as a shepherd of the sheep doomed to slaughter, the afflicted sheep, and so represented Israel’s Shepherd, Messiah. The two shepherd’s staffs that he named “Favor” (“Beauty”: AV; Heb “noam” = pleasantness) and “Union” (“Bands”: AV; Heb “hobhelim” = binding, unity) represented God’s provisions for the flock (cp Eze 37:15-28).

STAFFS: “The Eastern shepherd carried a rod or stout club hewed from a tree to beat away wild beasts attacking the sheep and a crooked staff for retrieving the sheep from difficult places [cp Psa 23:4]” (Unger).

FAVOR: “Beauty” in AV: “Jesus was full of grace in every way. We are told that his hearers ‘wondered at the gracious words that proceeded out of his mouth.’ In this respect he was like the Father that sent him, for God is the God of all grace, the Gracious God. His grace will yet be revealed in connection with the House of God to be built as the house of prayer for all nations; and for this David prays, when he says: ‘One thing have I desired of the Lord, that will I seek after; that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my life, to behold the beauty of the Lord, and to inquire in his temple’ (Psa 27:4). Moses appears to equate Beauty and Glory in Psalm 90: ‘Let thy work appear unto thy servants, and thy glory unto their children; and let the beauty of the Lord our God be upon us’ ” (PAE 120).

Zec 11:8

IN ONE MONTH I GOT RID OF THE THREE SHEPHERDS: Zechariah, as God’s representative, did away with three shepherds that had been leading his flock within the first month that he took charge of the sheep. These appear to have been real shepherds and a real month.

Zechariah’s action prefigured that of Messiah in taking over the leadership of His flock from other leaders of Israel who did not appreciate his leadership.

Prob the three shepherds refer to three classes of leaders, Israel’s elders, chief priests, and scribes (cp Luke 9:22 — where Jesus specifically names these three groups who will reject him). In this case, the “one month” might refer to the final portion of Christ’s ministry — when all the antagonisms of the previous times came to a head, and resulted in his crucifixion.

THE FLOCK DETESTED ME, AND I GREW WEARY OF THEM: The pronouns are uncertain here. The AV has: “My soul lothed them, and their soul also abhorred me” — expressing the mutual loathing and antagonism between Christ and the wicked leaders of Israel.

Zec 11:9

Zechariah, as God’s representative, turned “them” over to their fate though that meant that some of them would die, suffer annihilation, and devour one another. The Jews did eat one another during the siege of Jerusalem in the first century AD (Josephus, Wars of Jews 6:3:3,4), and they will evidently do so again during the Tribulation.

Zec 11:10

Zechariah then chopped his staff “Favor” or “Beauty” into pieces — picturing the end of the favorable pastoral care that he had provided. Thus he demonstrated that God was revoking the covenant promise that He would care for His people, because they had ceased to care for Him!

Zec 11:11

AND SO THE AFFLICTED OF THE FLOCK WHO WERE WATCHING ME KNEW IT WAS THE WORD OF THE LORD: The rejection of the Lord Jesus by the nation of Israel led, directly and inexorably and quickly, to the breaking and dissolution of their nation, and to their being scattered. And those who in faith observed these things knew that — although the people of God were suffering — yet God was at work still!

Zec 11:12

GIVE ME MY PAY, BUT IF NOT, KEEP IT: Since Zechariah was terminating his protection of the flock, he asked the sheep (or their “owners”) to pay him his wages or, if they refused, to keep what they owed him.

SO THEY PAID ME THIRTY PIECES OF SILVER: And so he was weighed out 30 shekels of silver as his pay. This was the price of a slave in the ancient Near East (Exo 21:32) and, though a substantial amount, was a pittance in view of all that the Shepherd had done for the sheep.

Their act was as shamelessly insulting as their general reaction to His ministry as a whole had been. To offer him this wage was the equivalent of telling the Shepherd that they could buy a common slave who would be as useful to them as He had been. This response shows how unworthy the people were of His solicitude.

(NT) This was, of course, the price paid to Judas for betraying Jesus (Mat 27:3). Though quite insulting, too, it was also appropriate — since Jesus acted throughout as the true “slave” — or Suffering Servant (esp Isa 53) of Yahweh!

Zec 11:13

SO I TOOK THE THIRTY PIECES OF SILVER AND THREW THEM INTO THE HOUSE OF THE LORD: A clear parallel with the actions of Judas when he realized the enormity of his sin (Mat 27:3-12). Evidently the setting of Zechariah’s visionary allegory was the temple courtyard.

TO THE POTTER: Throwing something to the potter was evidently a proverbial way of expressing disdain for it since potters were typically poor and lowly craftsmen.

THE HANDSOME PRICE AT WHICH THEY PRICED ME!: This is obviously ironical. “What! Is that ALL I’m worth!?”

“The fulfillment of this prophecy in Mat 27:3-10 is proof enough that the money was flung down in the temple and immediately taken up by the priests to purchase a field of a potter for a burying ground for the poor” (Unger).

Matthew attributed this prophecy to Jeremiah (Mat 27:9,10). Probably Matthew was referring to Jer 19:1-13, which he condensed using mainly the phraseology of Zec 11:12,13 because of its similarity to Judas’ situation. Joining two quotations from two OT books and assigning them to one prophet follows the custom of mentioning the more notable prophet. Cp Mark 1:2,3, in which Isa 40:3 and Mal 3:1 are quoted but are assigned to Isaiah.

Zec 11:14

Zechariah then symbolically broke his second staff, “Union,” indicating the end of the unity that bound the Jews together. Just before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD the Jews broke up into parties that were very hostile to one another. This condition accelerated their destruction by the Romans. Evidently fighting among the Jews will also be common in the Tribulation. The order of events is significant, and it was historical: the breaking of God’s favor on His people, their rejection of the Shepherd, and the breaking of their unity. We know that this destruction would not be permanent, however, because of other promises that God would reunite and restore His people and that He would not cast them off permanently (eg, Rom 11).

“Responsibility for human chaos lies squarely on human shoulders. God has offered men His shepherd, but they have rejected Him, to their own irreparable loss” (Baldwin).

Zec 11:15

Vv 15-17: The appearance of the bad shepherd: “The full fate of Israel is not recounted in the rejection of the good Shepherd God raised up to tend them. The complete tale of woe centers in their acceptance of the bad shepherd God will raise up to destroy them. The one dark episode centers in the events of Messiah’s first advent and death, followed by the dissolution of the Jewish state (Zec 11:1-14). The other tragic experience will occur in the events connected with Messiah’s second advent and glory, and deals with the nation’s final time of unparalleled trouble (Zec 11:15-17) previous to her entrance into kingdom blessing” (Unger).

V 15: The LORD next directed Zechariah to present himself as a bad shepherd (foolish, or worthless, v 17, ie, morally deficient, cp Pro 1:7) — since His flock had rejected the Good Shepherd (cp Eze 34:3,4).

Generally, cp the “false prophet” of Rev 16:13, and the “wicked one” of 2Th 2:3-8.

Zec 11:16

FOR I AM GOING TO RAISE UP A SHEPHERD OVER THE LAND WHO WILL NOT CARE FOR THE LOST, OR SEEK THE YOUNG, OR HEAL THE INJURED, OR FEED THE HEALTHY, BUT WILL EAT THE MEAT OF THE CHOICE SHEEP, TEARING OFF THEIR HOOFS: In his new role Zechariah represented one who would fail to do for the sheep all that a good shepherd would do. Instead he would be self-serving. Israel’s preference for Barabbas over Jesus showed her willingness in the past to accept a bad individual in place of a good one.

“When one removes ‘not’ from the sentence, he has an enlightening description of a truly effective pastoral ministry in the church today. (1) ‘care for the lost…’ or ‘care for those in the process of being ruined or destroyed’; (2) ‘seek the young… [or] ‘the scattered’; (3) ‘heal the injured,’ and (4) ‘feed the healthy’ ” (EBC).

TEARING OFF THEIR HOOFS: The avaricious shepherd is pictured as tearing apart the bodies of the sheep — searching for the last edible morsel that he can extract from his charges.

Zec 11:17

WOE TO THE WORTHLESS SHEPHERD, WHO DESERTS THE FLOCK!: Cp Jer 50:35-37.

HIS ARM: That is, right arm: as in Mat 18:7-14. In the context, shepherds!

HIS RIGHT EYE: So Christ counsels the gouging out of the right eye “if it offends” (Mat 5:29; 18:9).

Lesson: Avoid the sins of which Christ spoke, or else you will become “worthless shepherds”!

“With this climactic scene the first prophetic burden describing the first advent and rejection of Messiah, the Shepherd-King (Zec 9 — 11) comes to a close. The way is thus opened for the second burden and the second advent and acceptance of Messiah, the King (Zec 12 — 14)” (Unger).

Zechariah 12

Zec 12:1

Zec 12-14: Two main events are in view in this oracle: the final siege of Jerusalem and the return of Messiah to the earth to defeat His enemies and to establish His kingdom. The nations of the earth play a major role in what these chapters predict.

The repetition of “in that day” and its equivalent 19 times in these three chapters sets these events quite clearly in the Last Days — that future period when the LORD will openly and publicly manifest His power in delivering Israel from her enemies and establishing her in millennial peace and prosperity.

In these chapters, “Yahweh” is mentioned about 30 times, “Jerusalem” about 22 times, and “the nations” 13 times.

Zec 12: The repentance of Judah: (1) Israel’s deliverance (vv 1-9) and (2) Israel’s national conversion (vv 10-14). These events will happen at practically the same time.

Vv 1-9: Israel’s deliverance.

THE LORD, WHO STRETCHES OUT THE HEAVENS, WHO LAYS THE FOUNDATION OF THE EARTH, AND WHO FORMS THE SPIRIT OF MAN WITHIN HIM: Here, at the brink of a new age, it is important to know that the same God who brought everything into existence in the first place is well able to usher in the new creation of a restored people in a renewed and universal kingdom. He who oversaw the first Creation will also be “Father” of the “New Creation”!

Zec 12:2

I AM GOING TO MAKE JERUSALEM A CUP THAT SENDS ALL THE SURROUNDING PEOPLES REELING: The LORD would make Jerusalem like a cup of strong wine to the nations (a cup of poison, or a cup of drugged slumber: see Mat 27:33,34); when they tried to consume Jerusalem (a metonymy for all Israel), it would cause them to reel. Jerusalem had previously drunk the cup of the LORD’s wrath (Isa 51:17,22; Jer 25:15-17,28; Psa 75:8), but now it was the nations’ turn to drink it.

JUDAH WILL BE BESIEGED AS WELL AS JERUSALEM: Their siege of Jerusalem would extend to all the surrounding territory of Judah. The time in view is after the LORD regathered the Israelites to their land (Zec 10).

ALL THE SURROUNDING PEOPLES: See Lesson, Nations “round about”.

Zec 12:3

I WILL MAKE JERUSALEM AN IMMOVABLE ROCK FOR ALL THE NATIONS. ALL WHO TRY TO MOVE IT WILL INJURE THEMSELVES: In that day all the nations of the earth will gather together against Jerusalem (cp Zec 14:2; Joel 3:9-16; Rev 16:16-21). But they will injure themselves when they try to “move” Jerusalem.

Cp the “stone of stumbling” prophecies: Isa 8:14; 28:16; Psa 118:22: what the Messiah was to Israel, Jerusalem will now be to all the world!

Zec 12:4

I WILL STRIKE EVERY HORSE WITH PANIC AND ITS RIDER WITH MADNESS: The LORD would cause the weapons that Israel’s enemies used to destroy the city to be ineffective (Eze 38:20,21; Zec 14:13), and He would make the hostile soldiers crazy (cp Deu 28:28; Jdg 5:22).

I WILL KEEP A WATCHFUL EYE OVER THE HOUSE OF JUDAH: Indicative of divine favor: Psa 80:1; Num 6:23-27; Rom 11:26. In this way He would watch over the house of Judah (the Israelites; cp Psa 32:8; 33:18).

Zec 12:5

Here is the growing recognition, among all Jewry, that God is with His people again! Correspondingly, there will need to be a lessening of Israel’s characteristic reliance upon its own strength and its own guile.

Zec 12:6

LIKE A FLAMING TORCH AMONG SHEAVES: Cp the foxes and the firebrands of Samson: Jdg 15:3-5.

ALL THE SURROUNDING PEOPLES: See Lesson, Nations “round about”.

Zec 12:7

THE LORD WILL SAVE THE DWELLINGS OF JUDAH FIRST, SO THAT THE HONOR OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID AND OF JERUSALEM’S INHABITANTS MAY NOT BE GREATER THAN THAT OF JUDAH: “Judah” here sig the peoples who are back in the land — the Jews. So it is used here, not in the tribal sense, but in the national sense: those Jews in the land were accounted as being of the tribe of Judah — as they were in the days of Zerubbabel and Nehemiah, even though representatives of all tribes were present (Neh 4:10,16; 6:7,17,18; 1Ch 9:2,3; Ezr 6:17).

Yahweh would defend the outlying areas of Judah first so the people from David’s line and the residents of Jerusalem would not conclude that they were more important in God’s sight (cp Jer 9:23-24; 1Co 1:29, 31; 12:22-26; 2Co 10:17). [In the same way David first reigned over Judah, before liberating Jerusalem itself: 2Sa 2:1-4; 5:3.] All the Jews would see that it was the LORD who was responsible for their deliverance. This would evidently end their fighting among themselves (cp Zec 11:6).

Zec 12:8

THE FEEBLEST AMONG THEM WILL BE LIKE DAVID: As part of His defending them, the LORD would strengthen the feeble among the people so they would be as strong as David, the mighty warrior. (“David” here probably means the Lord Jesus Christ, the “son of David”: Mat 1:1; Luk 1:32,33; Isa 9:6,7; etc.)

AND THE HOUSE OF DAVID WILL BE LIKE GOD, LIKE THE ANGEL OF THE LORD GOING BEFORE THEM: The Davidic rulers (the immortal “sons” of David: 2Sa 7:16) would also receive supernatural strength and would be like God, as the angel of the LORD who would go before them (cp Exo 14:19; 23:20; 32:34; 33:2,14,15, 22; 1Sa 29:9; 2Sa 4:17,20; 19:27).

Zec 12:9

I WILL SET OUT TO DESTROY ALL THE NATIONS THAT ATTACK JERUSALEM: See Isa 2:4; Zec 9:13; Psa 149. Those who absolutely refuse to submit will be destroyed: Isa 60:12.

“We place the entire passage in the time of the Great Tribulation and more specifically in the Battle of Armageddon, when the nations of the earth will make their last frantic effort to blot Israel out of existence, only to be met by the most crushing defeat at the hands of the LORD of hosts Himself” (Feinberg).

Zec 12:10

Vv 10-14: Israel’s conversion. The focus now turns from national deliverance to spiritual deliverance (cp Deu 30:1-10).

A SPIRIT OF GRACE AND SUPPLICATION: In contrast to the “spirit of impurity” in Zec 13:2.

THEY WILL LOOK ON ME… AND THEY WILL MOURN FOR HIM: “On” would be better rendered “TO” (Const; NET; NIV mg). “The most common meaning of the Hebrew preposition translated ‘on’ is ‘to’, and there is no good contextual reason to depart from it here. The emphasis, then, is not on looking ‘on’ (or ‘at’) the Messiah literally — but on looking ‘to’ the Messiah in faith (cf Num 21:9; Isa 45:22; John 3:14,15)” (EBC).

And so they will look not to “him” alone, ie not just Jesus, but also to “ME”, the Father! “In all [His Son’s] affliction, he was afflicted” (Isa 63:9). And the two of them (Abraham and Isaac, typ God and His Son: Rom 8:32) “went together” (Gen 22:6,8).

This repentance will thus be an absolute realization that the One whom their forefathers crucified, Jesus of Nazareth (“him”), was and is in fact the Son of Almighty God (“Me”!). Cp Thomas’ understanding, expressed in John 20:28: for him, seeing his “Lord” (ie, Jesus) was equivalent to seeing his “God” — for Jesus was the manifestation of the Father in the flesh of human nature.

THE ONE THEY HAVE PIERCED: “He was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was upon him, and by his wounds we are healed” (Isa 53:5).

AS ONE MOURNS FOR AN ONLY CHILD: They will mourn as one mourns over the death of one’s only (beloved, cp Gen 22:2; Jer 6:26; Amos 8:10) son, or his or her firstborn son.

Zec 12:11

THE WEEPING WILL BE GREAT… IN THE PLAIN OF MEGIDDO: The historical ref is to the slaying by Pharaoh Necho of Egypt of the godly Judean king Josiah, a calamity of great public significance which occurred at Megiddo (2Ki 23:29,30; 2Ch 35:22-27).

HADAD RIMMON: “A combination of the names of two gods, the Aramean Hadad (‘thunderer’) and the Akkadian Rimmon, (‘thunderer’: cp 2Ki 5:18), for whom public mourning was made in the plain of Esdraelon at Megiddo (Zec 12:11). In the Ras Shamra mythology, the Canaanite Baal, same as the Amorite storm-god Hadad, was pictured as a kilted striding warrior with mace and thunderbolt, and a helmet with bull’s horn. He was also the vegetation god. Mourning for Hadadrimmon, the dead Baal, and Tammuz (Eze 18:14) are common motifs in Mesopotamian mythology” (WyE; Merrill). Hadadrimmon may have been an important though presently unknown individual, a place near Megiddo (cp Zec 14:10; Josh 15:32; 19:7) (EBC), or a pagan deity (cp 2Ki 5:18) (Const). The devotees of the Canaanite god Baal mourned his “dying” each winter and then celebrated his “resurrection” each spring.

Zec 12:12

Vv 12-14: All the Israelites would mourn; this would be a national repentance. The repeated phrases “every family by itself” and “their wives by themselves” solemnize the mourning and underline its genuineness. “The wives are spoken of as mourning apart because in public lamentations the custom prevailed of separating into groups, also according to sex” (Leupold). “Individually and corporately, this is the experience of Lev 16 (the Day of Atonement) and Psa 51 (a penitential psalm) on a national scale… Isa 53:1-9 could well be their confession on the great occasion” (EBC).

DAVID… NATHAN: The houses of David and his son Nathan represent the political branches of the nation, though not just the kings as reference to Solomon might have suggested (cp 2Sa 5:14).

Zec 12:13

LEVI… SHIMEI: The houses of Levi and his grandson Shimei represent the religious branches of Israel, though not just the main ones that reference to Gershon, Shimei’s father, might have suggested (cp Num 3:17,18,21). Perhaps the political and priestly families received mention because they were those chiefly responsible for Messiah’s death.

Zec 12:14

AND ALL THE REST OF THE CLANS AND THEIR WIVES: When these leading families (vv 12,13) mourned, all the other citizens would follow their example. The families of Nathan and Shimei may have been the most prominent families of their kind in Zechariah’s day. Zerubbabel came from Nathan’s line (Luke 3:23-31), and the Shimeites presumably dominated the Levitical classes in the postexilic era.

Zechariah 13

Zec 13:1

Zec 13: The restoration of Judah: The connection between Zec 12 and Zec 13 is so close that a chapter division is really uncalled for. The same people, the same subject, and the same time are in view in both chapters. The relationship between Zec 12:10-14 and Zec 13:1-6 is not only logical but chronological as well. Once Israel is brought to a penitent condition and looks toward her crucified Messiah, then the provision of God for cleansing will be appropriate.

A FOUNTAIN WILL BE OPENED TO THE HOUSE OF DAVID AND THE INHABITANTS OF JERUSALEM, TO CLEANSE THEM FROM SIN AND IMPURITY: A fountain for the complete spiritual cleansing of the Israelites, both for their moral sins and for their ritual uncleanness (cp Eze 47). The figure of a fountain suggests abundant cleansing that would continue indefinitely. This will be the fulfillment of God’s promise to forgive the sins of His people Israel in the New Covenant (Zec 3:4,9; Jer 31:34; Eze 36:25; Rom 11:26). “The blood of Jesus… cleanses us from all sin” (1Jo 1:7; cp John 4:14; 7:37-39). The cleansing is available now, but God will esp cleanse multitudes of Israelites in the future, after they turn to their Messiah in faith (Zec 12:10-14).

A FOUNTAIN… FROM IMPURITY: This suggests Num 19:17,18: the sprinkling with running water. This in turn implies the cleansing influences of the Word of God: Psa 119:9; John 15:3.

“There is a fountain filled with blood Drawn from Emmanuel’s veins; And sinners, plunged beneath that flood, Lose all their guilty stains.

“The dying thief rejoiced to see That fountain in his day; And there have I, as vile as he, Washed all my sins away.

“Dear dying Lamb, thy precious blood Shall never lose its power, Till all the ransomed church of God Be saved to sin no more.

“Ever since, by faith, I saw the stream Thy flowing wounds supply, Redeeming love has been my theme, And shall be till I die” (W Cowper).

Zec 13:2

I WILL BANISH THE NAMES OF THE IDOLS FROM THE LAND: “Name” is synonymous with power (Acts 3:6). There will be external cleansing as well as internal. The Jews would no longer ascribe supernatural powers to mere things, nor worship them as divine (cp Zec 10:2,3; Jer 23:30-32; 27:9,10; Eze 13:1 — 14:11); surely this includes the “gods” of materialism as well (cp Col 3:5)!

I WILL REMOVE BOTH THE PROPHETS: False prophets, as is clear from the context, will not mislead the people (cp Mat 24:4,5,11,15, 23-24; 2Th 2:2-4; Rev 9:20; 13:4-15; and esp Rev 16:13).

THE SPIRIT OF IMPURITY: “Spirit” is frequently used for “teaching” or “teacher”: John 6:63; 1Jo 4:1-3; 5:6; Eph 6:17; Eze 36:26. The unclean spirit need not be supernatural: whether singular or plural, it may refer to the diviners, mediums, and soothsayers who confused and afflicted the people in the past (cp, generally, Rev 20:1-3). As such, it is in contrast to the “spirit of grace and supplication” in Zec 12:10.

Zec 13:3

If anyone would try to play the part of a false prophet — ie, teaching or preaching false doctrine in general (cp 1Co 14:3) — then his own parents, those closest to him, would put him to death. This was what God had commanded the Israelites to do to false prophets (Deu 13:6-9). They would pierce the false prophets fatally as they had formerly pierced the Messiah fatally (Zec 12:10).

Zec 13:4

HE WILL NOT PUT ON A PROPHET’S GARMENT OF HAIR IN ORDER TO DECEIVE: The garment of hair was a distinctively prophetic one (2Ki 1:8; 2:13; Mat 3:4).

Jacob wore such a “garment” in order to deceive his father (Gen 27:16).

Zec 13:5

THE LAND HAS BEEN MY LIVELIHOOD SINCE MY YOUTH: Or “a man sold me in my youth” (NIV mg) — suggesting a form of indentured servitude. In other words, ‘I have had no time to become a false prophet!’

Zec 13:6

WHAT ARE THESE WOUNDS ON YOUR BODY?… ‘THE WOUNDS I WAS GIVEN AT THE HOUSE OF MY FRIENDS’: Sometimes false prophets cut themselves to arouse prophetic ecstasy, to increase ritual potency, or to identify themselves with a particular god (cp Lev 19:28; 21:5; Deu 14:1; 1Ki 18:28; Jer 16:6; 41:5; 48:37). If someone saw such marks on a false prophet’s body in that future day, the false prophet might claim that he had received his injuries by accident in a friend’s house.

This supposes that v 6 is a follow-up on vv 4,5. However, it may be that this verse introduces the Lord Jesus Christ. If so, then he is seen as a contrast to the false prophets of vv 4,5: his wounds — unlike theirs — are evidence of his status as a true prophet, moreover the Messiah: for he has truly received his wounds in the house of his “friends” (the house of Israel). Cp Psa 22:16; John 20:27. (If read in this way, then v 6 becomes a transition to v 7: “Strike the shepherd!”)

Zec 13:7

Vv 7-9: The smiting of the Shepherd and the scattering of the sheep. Zechariah now returned in a poem to the subject of the Shepherd that he had mentioned in Zec 11. He also returned to the time when Israel would be scattered among the nations because of her rejection of the Good Shepherd.

AWAKE, O SWORD, AGAINST MY SHEPHERD: Yahweh personified a sword, the instrument of violent death, which He commanded to execute His Shepherd, the royal Good Shepherd of Zec 11:4-14. Yahweh further described this Shepherd as the man who was very close to Him, even His Associate.

THE MAN WHO IS CLOSE TO ME: “Geber” is “mighty man”; “hamith” is “associate, equal, relative”. The expression is used elsewhere only in Lev 6:2; 18:12; it means ‘near neighbour’; the shepherd is one who dwells side by side with the LORD, His relative, and in some sense His equal!

STRIKE THE SHEPHERD: In Zec 11:17 it was the worthless shepherd whom the LORD would strike, but here it is the Good Shepherd (Joh 10:1-18). The one doing the striking is evidently God Himself since “strike” is masculine in the Hebrew text and agrees with “the LORD of hosts.” If so, Zechariah presented Messiah’s death as God’s activity (cp Isa 53:10; Acts 2:23; 4:8; Phi 2:8) as well as Israel’s (Zec 12:10-14).

AND THE SHEEP WILL BE SCATTERED: The striking (death) of the Shepherd would result in the scattering of the Shepherd’s sheep (ie, Israel, Zec 11:4-14). The LORD Jesus quoted this part of the verse when he anticipated the scattering of His disciples following His death (cp Mat 26:31,56; Mark 14:27,50).

I WILL TURN MY HAND AGAINST THE LITTLE ONES: “Against”, or “upon”. This phrase is capable of two different interpretations — both of which have or will come to pass. Perhaps a double entendre is intended. God Himself would (will) both scatter even the young sheep BUT, eventually, He would (will) also show mercy to them (cp Mat 18:10; Mark 13:19,24; Luke 2:35; Rev 11:3-10).

Zec 13:8

Vv 8,9: The scattering of the sheep would result in two-thirds of the flock dying and one-third remaining alive. This will be the time of Jacob’s trouble (Jer 30:7). The LORD would refine the surviving one-third in the fires of affliction (cp Zec 3:2; Eze 5:1-12). This remnant must be the same group of Israelites, described in Zec 12:10 — 13:1, who would turn to God in repentance. Evidently two-thirds of the Jews will perish during the Tribulation and one-third will live through it and enter the Millennium. This surviving remnant then must include the 144,000 of Rev 7:1-8; 14:1-5. The one-third will call on the LORD’s name in supplication for forgiveness (Zec 12:10). The LORD will respond to their cry by reaffirming His new covenant relationship with them, and they will agree to it (cp Eze 20:37).

Zec 13:9

SILVER… GOLD: Cp Zec 6:11.

THEY WILL CALL ON MY NAME AND I WILL ANSWER THEM: Spiritual renewal, and turning to God in Truth (Eze 6:9,10; Hos 8:10; Jer 33:3).

I WILL SAY, ‘THEY ARE MY PEOPLE’: Cp Jer 32:38; Eze 37:23-28; Hos 1:9,10; Isa 59:20,21; Rom 11:26,27.

Zechariah 14

Zec 14:1

Vv 1-8: Final deliverance of Israel and the return of the Messiah.

The nations that plunder Israel victoriously will divide their spoil among themselves in Jerusalem (cp Joel 3; Rev 16:16).

Zec 14:2

ALL THE NATIONS: Perhaps all the nations “round about Jerusalem” (v 14). Cp 1Ch 14:17; 2Ch 32:23; Eze 32:12. Or, does this mean “all nations” as exemplified in the United Nations, for example — an international “peacekeeping” force? Cp also Rev 16:16-21.

THE CITY WILL BE CAPTURED: “This eschatological verse alone — with its statement that ‘the city will be captured’ — is sufficient to refute the notion popular in certain circles that ‘the times of the Gentiles’ (Luke 21:24) were fulfilled as of the rebirth of the modern state of Israel. According to Lucan theology, after ‘the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled,’ Jerusalem will be trampled on no more. Since Zec 14:2 clearly indicates that Jerusalem will be ‘trampled on’ again in the future, the ‘times of the Gentiles’ would seem to extend to the Messiah’s second advent, when those ‘times’ will be replaced by the final, universal, everlasting kingdom of Dan 2:35,44,45” (EBC).

HALF OF THE CITY: The city of Jerusalem is today divided into two more-or-less equal portions: the Jewish section, and the Arab section. It shouldn’t be difficult to figure out which “half” is referred to here!

Zec 14:3

THE LORD WILL GO OUT AND FIGHT AGAINST THOSE NATIONS, AS HE FIGHTS IN THE DAY OF BATTLE: Yahweh will then take the role of the divine warrior and — leading His heavenly hosts (Jdg 4:14; 2Sa 5:24; 1Ch 14:15) — will fight for His people Israel (cp Zec 1:3; 9; 10:4,5; 12:1-9). He had done this previously in the Exodus and on numerous other occasions (cp Exo 14:13-14; 15:3; Jos 10:14; 23:3; Jdg 4:15; 2Ch 20:15).

Zec 14:4

In that day Yahweh’s feet, in the person of Messiah (cp Acts 1:9-12; Rev 19:11-16), would stand on the Mount of Olives to the east of Jerusalem (cp Acts 1:11). Since people were east oriented in ancient times, Zechariah described this mountain as in front of Jerusalem. The LORD would split this mountain in two (with an earthquake?) so half of it would fall away to the north and the other half to the south leaving a large east-west valley down the middle (cp Rev 16:18,19).

It was toward this direction that the Glory left the temple in Ezekiel’s day (Eze 11:23), and from there it will return (Eze 43:1,2).

THE MOUNTAIN SHALL REMOVE…: Earthquakes accompany awesome manifestations of God: Exo 19:18; Jdg 5:4; Psa 77:18; 114:4; Isa 2:10-22; Jer 4:24; Eze 38:20; Joe 3:16; Amo 9:1,5; Zec 14:4; Rev 6:12; 11:19; 16:18. The result: a formation similar to that at Shechem, where mounts Ebal and Gerizim flank a deep east-west valley. Here Joshua assembled God’s people to hear the blessings and the cursings (Jos 8:33,34).

See Lesson, Earthquakes.

Zec 14:5

YOU WILL FLEE BY MY MOUNTAIN VALLEY, FOR IT WILL EXTEND TO AZEL: The Israelites would flee for safety through this valley with mountains on either side (cp 2Sa 15:16, 30; 2Ki 25:4; Eze 11:22-25). The valley would reach as far as Azel, a site presently unknown but obviously some distance east of Jerusalem.

THE EARTHQUAKE IN THE DAYS OF UZZIAH: Evidently a very great earthquake (cp Amos 1:1; Isa 5:25; Jos Ant 9:10:4). It was possibly by this very earthquake that Uzziah was greatly helped by the LORD (2Ch 26:15).

THEN THE LORD MY GOD WILL COME, AND ALL THE HOLY ONES WITH HIM: The “saints” (KJV). The multitudinous Christ, his body, consisting of believers both Jews and Gentiles — who will then be His “host”, along with the angels of heaven — His glorious Cherubim, or chariots of war!

Zec 14:6

Vv 6,7: Cp Joel 3:15-17; Amos 5:18.

Zec 14:7

A UNIQUE DAY, WITHOUT DAYTIME OR NIGHTTIME: That is, like twilight, neither day nor night (cp Gen 1:3-5). Even in the evening there will be more light than usual. It would be a unique day in human history (cp Jer 30:7).

A DAY KNOWN TO THE LORD: This phenomenon would occur on a day that only Yahweh would know (cp Mat 24:36; Acts 1:7); no one else will be able to predict that day!

Other passages also predict cosmic phenomena in the Day of the LORD (Isa 13:9,10; Joel 2:31; 3:15; Amos 5:18; Mat 24:29,30; Rev 6:12-14; 8:8-12; 9:1-18; 14:14-20; 16:4,8,9). This “day” is an extended period of time, not just a 12-hour or 24-hour period. Here the end of the Tribulation is in view — the prophets spoke of as this very end-time as the Day of the LORD, as they do of the Millennium itself: the “day” or “time” when God intervenes directly and conclusively in the affairs of the world.

Zec 14:8

LIVING WATER WILL FLOW OUT FROM JERUSALEM, HALF TO THE EASTERN SEA AND HALF TO THE WESTERN SEA: “Living water” is a metaphor that pictures water as a living thing flowing quickly and sparkling in its constant movement and shifting course (cp Lev 14:5,6,50-52; 15:13; Num 19:17). This life-giving water would flow rapidly out of Jerusalem half of it flowing east into the Dead Sea and half west into the Mediterranean Sea.

IN SUMMER AND IN WINTER: This water would flow all year round, even in the summer when most streams in Palestine dry up (cp Psa 46:4; Joel 3:18). The Israelites divided their year into two seasons instead of four: summer and winter (cp Gen 8:22; Psa 74:17; Isa 18:6).

“The streams of living water which flow from Jerusalem are not dried up by the parching heats of sultry midsummer any more than they are frozen by the cold winds of blustering winter. The seasons change and thou changest, but thy Lord abides evermore the same, and the streams of His love are as deep, as broad and as full as ever. The heats of business cares and scorching trials make me need the cooling influences of the river of His grace; I may go at once and drink to the full from the inexhaustible fountain, for in summer and in winter it pours forth its flood. Elijah found Cherith dry up, but Jehovah was still the same God of providence. Job said his brethren were like deceitful brooks, but he found his God an overflowing river of consolation. The Nile is the great confidence of Egypt, but its floods are variable; our Lord is evermore the same. By turning the course of the Euphrates, Cyrus took the city of Babylon, but no power, human or infernal, can divert the current of divine grace. The tracks of ancient rivers have been found all dry and desolate, but the streams which take their rise on the mountains of divine sovereignty and infinite love shall ever be full to the brim. Generations melt away, but the course of grace is unaltered. The river of God may sing with greater truth than the brook in the poem — ‘Men may come, and men may go, But I go on for ever’ ” (CHS).

Probably the water will be literal, but it certainly has symbolic significance as well (cp Psa 46:4; 65:9; Isa 8:6; 30:25; 33:21; 41:18; 43:19,20; Jer 2:13; Eze 47:1-12; John 4:10-14; 7:38; Rev 22:1-2).

Zec 14:9

Vv 9-11: The security of Israel.

In that day Yahweh would rule over the whole earth (cp Eze 37:27,28; Psa 2:5,6; 72:8-11; Isa 2:4; 54:5; Zec 4:14; 6:5). He would be the only king; there would be no others. His name would be one, and foremost, in the earth; there will be no other so-called gods (cp Deu 6:4,5). This of course refers to Christ’s millennial kingdom (cp Psa 2; Mat 6:9,10).

“Israelites for generations had been singing ‘The LORD reigns’ (Psa 93; 97; 99), but it had been a declaration of faith. Once ‘that day’ comes He will be seen to be King over His world kingdom” (Baldwin).

Zec 14:10

THE WHOLE LAND… WILL BECOME LIKE THE ARABAH. BUT JERUSALEM WILL BE RAISED UP: The land around Jerusalem will become level, whereas Jerusalem itself will be elevated (apparently due to a great earthquake; cp Isa 2:2; Rev 16:18,19). This will accentuate the position and height of God’s city, both physically and spiritually.

Zec 14:11

IT WILL BE INHABITED; NEVER AGAIN WILL IT BE DESTROYED. JERUSALEM WILL BE SECURE: People would live in millennial Jerusalem. Jerusalem would never again suffer depopulation by being put under the curse (or ban, Heb “cherem”). Canaanite cities placed under the ban were totally destroyed (Josh 6:17-18). In other words, the city and those in it would enjoy security because Jerusalem would never again be destroyed.

Zec 14:12

Vv 12-15: The destruction of Israel’s enemies.

THIS IS THE PLAGUE…: See Lesson, Plague, pestilence, and disease in the Last Days.

Zec 14:13

Panic would seize them from the LORD in that day, and they would fight one another (cp Jdg 7:22; 1Sa 14:15-20; 2Ch 20:23).

Zec 14:14

The Israelites would also fight their enemies there and would gather much spoil from the people they would defeat. Thus there are three instruments God would use to defeat Israel’s enemies: plague (v 12), themselves (v 13), and the Israelites (v 14).

WEALTH: Incl oil wealth of Gulf states?

ALL THE SURROUNDING NATIONS: See Lesson, Nations “round about”.

GOLD AND SILVER AND CLOTHING: The wealth of the Gentiles will flow towards Jerusalem to glorify the Temple: Isa 60:9; Hag 2:8,9.

Zec 14:15

The plague that the LORD would send on Israel’s enemies (v 12) would also afflict their animals precluding their escape (cp Josh 7:24,25).

Zec 14:16

Vv 16-21: The worship of the sovereign king.

The remaining former enemies of Israel who would not die would bow to the sovereignty of Yahweh (cp Zec 8:20-23; Isa 2:2-4; 45:21-24; 60:4-14; Phi 2:10). They would be expected to make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem to worship the one King, Almighty Yahweh (cp Psa 24:10; Isa 6:5; Rev 11:15; 19:16), and to celebrate the feast of Booths. The feast of Booths (or Tabernacles, Ingathering) commemorated the LORD’s provision of agricultural bounty and the Israelites’ redemption from Egyptian slavery. Strangers were welcome to participate in it in Israel’s past history. It also anticipated entrance into the Promised Land and kingdom blessings (Lev. 23:34-43; Deu 16:13-15). It was the last of the three most important feasts on Israel’s calendar, so it would be an appropriate one for these Gentiles to celebrate in Jerusalem yearly. This feast was a time of grateful rejoicing (Lev 23:40; Deu 16:14-15; Neh 8:17), and a time for celebrating the LORD “tabernacling” among His people (Rev 7:15-17; 21:3).

THE SURVIVORS: A quite ominous note: many will not survive: cp idea in Jer 25:33; 44:14,27; Isa 24:5,6; 66:16,19; Mat 24:22.

FEAST OF TABERNACLES: In ancient days, a unique combination of national holiday, Bible school, and rededication. Here, however, it seems to be held year-round. Cp Isa 19:23-25.

Zec 14:17

Vv 17-19: As punishment for not making the pilgrimage, the LORD would withhold rain from those who did not attend the feast (cp Psa 2:8-12; Rev 2:27; 12:5; 19:15). This was also a curse for covenant disobedience under the Mosaic Law (Deu 28:22-24). For example, if people from Egypt did not go up to Jerusalem, the LORD would withhold rain from them. This would be His punishment on any nation that did not participate (cp Zec 9:11 — 10:1). Rain is a figure for spiritual blessing (cp Eze 34:26), but both literal and spiritual blessing are probably in view here.

Zec 14:18

“Egypt was an exception among the nations because it depended for water not on rainfall but on the Nile. As Egypt had experienced plagues at the time of the Exodus, and through them had been brought to acknowledge God’s sovereignty, so plague was a fitting symbol of disaster in the new era” (Baldwin).

Zec 14:20

In that day even the most common things would be as consecrated to God’s glory as the gold plate on the high priest’s turban that previously indicated his consecration (Exo 28:36). This plate was to remind the Israelites of their holy calling as well. Finally all the people would indeed be consecrated to the LORD and would fulfill their holy calling (cp Exo 19:6; Jer 2:3). The ordinary cooking pots in the temple would be as holy as the bowls used to sprinkle the sacrificial blood on the brazen altar had been.

BELLS: The very horse-bridles once bathed in blood (Rev 14:10) will be as holy as the garments of the High Priest (Exo 28:33-36).

COOKING POTS… SACRED BOWLS: The earthen pots (2Co 4:7) shall be as the golden bowls before the altar — having been filled with the treasure of the LORD’s message.

Zec 14:21

THERE WILL NO LONGER BE A CANAANITE IN THE HOUSE…: Ct Gen 12:6: “At that time the Canaanites were in the land.”

The Canaanites throughout Israel’s history represented people who were morally and spiritually unclean, reprehensible to Yahweh, and doomed to death (cp Gen 9:25; Isa 35:8; Eze 43:7; 44:9; Rev 21:27). Probably that is the significance of the name here, not just the ethnic Canaanites alone. There would be no more people like the Canaanites in the land because all would acknowledge Him as God and King.

Malachi Overview

Time: 430 BC.

“Malachi” means “my messenger.” We know nothing of the prophet’s parentage, ancestral or tribal roots, geographical origin, or other vocation. All we know is that he received and communicated the word of Yahweh to the Jews of his day.

Some scholars have tried to prove that “Malachi” was not the name of a prophet but the title of an anonymous prophet. None of the references to this book in the NT mention Malachi by name (cp Mat 11:10; Mark 1:2; Luke 7:27). The arguments for anonymity rest on three points:

  • “Malachi” is a title rather than a name in its form. The LXX translators rendered it “my messenger” in Mal 1:1. However, it could be a short form of a name such as Malachiyyah, “messenger of Yahweh.” There are several other shortened forms of names similar to this in the Old Testament (eg, cp ‘abi in 2Ki 18:2 with ‘abiyyah in 2Ch 29:1; and cp ‘uri in 1Ki 4:19 with ‘uriyyah in 1Ch 11:41).
  • The Targum (an ancient Aramaic translation and paraphrase of OT) did not consider Malachi the writer but ascribed it to Ezra. The Talmud (a Jewish interpretation compiled betw 450 BC and 500 AD) credited Mordecai with writing it. But there is little other support for Ezra or Mordecai’s authorship of this book.
  • “Malachi” appears in Mal 3:1 as an anonymous designation meaning “my messenger,” so it may mean the same thing in Mal 1:1. However, the Malachi in Mal 3:1 seems clearly to be a wordplay on the name of the prophet in Mal 1:1.

Malachi’s reference to “your governor” (Mal 1:8) indicates that he wrote after 538 BC, when Cyrus the Persian allowed the Jews to return to their land, which was under Persian control. The word translated “governor” is “pehah”, a Persian title (cp Ezra 5:3,6,14; 6:6,7,13; Dan 3:2,3,27; 6:7). Zerubbabel had this title (Hab 1:1, 14; 2:2, 21) as did Nehemiah (Neh 5:14; 12:26). Malachi must have written after the temple had been rebuilt since he referred to worship there (Mal 1:6-14; 2:7-9, 13; 3:7-10). This would force a date after 515 BC when temple restoration was complete.

Since Malachi addressed many of the same matters that Nehemiah tried to reform, it is tempting to date Malachi during Nehemiah’s governorship. Some have conjectured that Malachi ministered while Nehemiah was away from Jerusalem. In the twelfth year of his governorship, Nehemiah returned to Persia for an unknown period of time (Neh 5:14; 13:6). Malachi probably wrote during the years Nehemiah ministered (445-420 BC), and perhaps between 432 and 431 BC, the years when Nehemiah was away from Jerusalem. [See Lesson, Post-exile period, dates.]

Summary: Malachi’s message comes to the people in a time of great spiritual decline. It is approx 80 years after the rebuilding of the temple and the promises of the coming Messiah have not yet been realized. As a result, the people had become lazy and developed an increasingly casual attitude toward the worship of God. Malachi states that their sacrifices were unacceptable to God, husbands were unfaithful, and the priests had neglected God’s covenants.

Malachi’s notable messianic prophecy deals with the forerunner of the Messiah (Mal 3:1; 4:5). He would be like Elijah and would call the Israelites to repentance (cp Mat 11:14; 17:12-13; Mark 9:11-13; Luke 1:17).

OUTLINE

Heading: Mal 1:1

First oracle: Yahweh’s love for Israel: Mal 1:2-5

Second oracle: The priests’ illicit practices and indifferent attitudes: Mal 1:6 — 2:9 (a) Their sins: Mal 1:6-14 (b) Their warning: Mal 2:1-9

Third oracle: The people’s mixed marriages and divorces: Mal 2:10-16

Fourth oracle: The problem of God’s justice: Mal 2:17 — 3:6

Fifth oracle: The people’s sin of robbing God: Mal 3:7-12

Sixth oracle: The arrogant and the humble: Mal 3:13 — 4:3

A concluding promise and warning: Mal 4:4-6.